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HB2121 • 2026

electronic equipment; modifications

HB2121 - electronic equipment; modifications

Technology
Passed Legislature

This bill passed both chambers and reached final enrollment, even if later executive action is not shown here.

Sponsor
Nick Kupper
Last action
2026-02-09
Official status
House committee of the whole
Effective date
Not listed

Plain English Breakdown

The bill summary text provides specific details about exemptions and penalties that were removed from the candidate explanation as they are not supported by the official source material.

Electronic Equipment Modification Protection Act

The Electronic Equipment Modification Protection Act prohibits original equipment manufacturers from disabling electronic devices due to modifications made by owners, except in certain cases.

What This Bill Does

  • Prohibits an original equipment manufacturer from disabling electronic equipment sold or used solely because the owner has made a modification including remote updates, firmware changes, or other technical measures.
  • Allows owners to sue in court if a manufacturer disables their device due to modifications and can recover actual damages of up to $1,000 per violation plus reasonable attorney fees and costs.
  • Gives the Attorney General the power to take action against manufacturers who violate this law if an owner does not file a lawsuit.
  • Requires any fines collected from violating companies to go into a fund used for consumer protection activities.

Who It Names or Affects

  • Owners of electronic devices who make modifications to their equipment.
  • Original equipment manufacturers who sell or lease electronic devices.
  • The Attorney General and county attorneys responsible for enforcing the law.

Terms To Know

Electronic Equipment
A product that uses digital electronics, is tangible property, and is sold in Arizona.
Modification
Changing or customizing the hardware, software, firmware, or functionality of electronic equipment by an owner.

Limits and Unknowns

  • This act does not apply to motor vehicles, vehicle parts, medical devices, and products not for retail sale.
  • The law exempts modifications that violate federal laws from its protections.

Amendments

These notes stay tied to the official amendment files and metadata from the legislature.

Plain English: Adopted 1

  • The official amendment file could not be read automatically during the last sync, so only the official amendment metadata is shown right now.

Plain English: Fifty-seventh Legislature Science & Technology Second Regular Session H.B.

  • Fifty-seventh Legislature Science & Technology Second Regular Session H.B.
  • 2121 PROPOSED HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AMENDMENTS TO H.B.
  • 2121 (Reference to printed bill) The bill as proposed to be amended is reprinted as follows: 1 Section 1.
  • Title 44, chapter 9, Arizona Revised Statutes, is 2 amended by adding article 27, to read: 3 ARTICLE 27.
  • This amendment summary is using official source text because generated interpretation was skipped for this run.

Bill History

  1. 2026-02-09 House

    House committee of the whole

  2. 2026-02-03 House

    House minority caucus

  3. 2026-02-03 House

    House majority caucus

  4. 2026-01-13 House

    House second read

  5. 2026-01-12 House

    House Rules: C&P

  6. 2026-01-12 House

    House Science & Technology: DPA

  7. 2026-01-12 House

    House first read

Official Summary Text

HB2121 - 572R - House Bill Summary

ARIZONA HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

57th
Legislature, 2nd Regular Session

Majority Research Staff

House:
ST DPA 7-1-1-0

HB2121
:
electronic equipment; modifications

Sponsor:
Representative Kupper, LD 25

Caucus
& COW

Overview

Prohibits
an original electronic equipment manufacture from disabling electronic
equipment due to modification made by an owner.

History

Consumer electronic devices and products contain software
that after the product is bought by a consumer, the consumer acquires ownership
of the physical hardware and receives a limited license to use the software. Some
products may contain a
digital rights management
technology that prevent
consumers from altering the installed software or control the types of
accessories that may be used with them (
Congressional
Research Service Report
).

The Consumer Protection-Consumer Fraud revolving fund (Fund)
is administered by the Attorney General. The monies in the Fund are subject to
legislative appropriation and are exempt from lapsing. The Fund consists of any
investigative or court costs, attorney fees or civil penalties recovered for
the state by the Attorney General as a result of law enforcement actions by
either state or federal statutes. The monies in the Fund are to be used for operating
expenses, including any costs associated with the tobacco master settlement agreement
arbitration, consumer fraud education and investigative and enforcement operations
of the consumer protection division (
A.R.S. � 44-1531.01
).

Provisions

1.

Prohibits an
original equipment manufacturer from disabling electronic equipment sold or
used only based on an owner making a modification including remote updates,
firmware changes or other technical measures. (Sec.1)

2.

Asserts additional
exemptions to this act such as;

a.

requiring
the original manufacturer to divulge a trade secret;

b.

prohibiting
an original equipment manufacturer from disabling anti-theft measures;

c.

using an
online connection to affect the original manufacturer;

d.

include
anything outside of the specific hardware or software of the electronic
equipment;

e.

extend to an
owner who is selling the electronic equipment; and

f.

if a
modification violates federal law. (Sec.1)

3.

Authorizes
an owner to bring civil action in superior court to recover actual damages of
not more than $1,000 per violation, reasonable attorney fees and costs or seek
an injunction. (Sec.1)

4.

Allows the
Attorney General to bring the action to superior court if the aggrieved owner
does not seek to file a private right of action. (Sec.1)

5.

States the
Attorney General or a county attorney may intervene in a civil action and
outlines civil penalties for violations. (Sec.1)

6.

Directs any
civil penalties collected to be deposited in the Fund. (Sec. 1, 2)

7.

Asserts that
any action for a violation must be commenced within three years after the
violation is discovered. (Sec.1)

8.

Omits motor
vehicles or vehicle parts, products that are not for retail sale to consumers
and specific medical devices from civil actions. (Sec.1)�

9.

Defines key
terms. (Sec.1)

10.

Makes
technical changes. (Sec. 2)

11.

Cites this
legislation as the
True Ownership Act
. (Sec. 3)

Amendments

Committee on
Science & Technology

1.

Includes an exemption for
equipment that is primarily intended for
commercial,���������������������������������������������������� industrial,
business to business, agricultural or off-road use, including equipment that is
sold through retail channels.

2.

3.

4.

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FOOTER ---------

5.

Initials TM���������������������� HB
2121

6.

1/28/2026� Page 0 Caucus
& COW

7.

8.

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FOOTER ---------

Current Bill Text

Read the full stored bill text
HB2121 - 572R - I Ver

PREFILED��� JAN 05 2026

REFERENCE TITLE:
electronic equipment; modifications

State of Arizona

House of Representatives

Fifty-seventh Legislature

Second Regular Session

2026

HB 2121

Introduced by

Representative
Kupper

AN
ACT

amending title 44, chapter 9, arizona
revised statutes, by adding article 27; amending section 44-1531.01, Arizona
Revised Statutes; relating to electronic equipment.

(TEXT OF BILL BEGINS ON NEXT PAGE)

Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Arizona:

Section 1. Title 44, chapter 9, Arizona Revised
Statutes, is amended by adding article 27, to read:

ARTICLE 27. ELECTRONIC
EQUIPMENT MODIFICATIONS

START_STATUTE
44-1383.

Electronic equipment; original equipment manufacturers; owners;
modifications; violations; civil penalty; attorney general; exceptions;
definitions

A.
An
original EQUIPMENT manufacturer may not disable electronic EQUIPMENT sold or
used in this state, in whole or in part, solely because an owner has made a
modification to the electronic EQUIPMENT that includes remote updates, firmware
changes or other technical measures.

B. This section does not:

1. Require an original equipment
manufacturer to divulge a trade secret.

2. Prohibit an original EQUIPMENT
manufacturer from disabling anti-theft security measures without the
owner's authorization.

3. Affect the original equipment
manufacturer through an online connection.

4. Extend beyond the specific
physical hardware or software of the electronic equipment.

5. Extend to an owner that is selling
the electronic equipment.

6. Apply if the modification violates
federal law.

C. An owner may bring a civil action
in superior court:

1. To recover actual damages in the
amount of not more than $1,000 per violation and reasonable attorney fees and
costs.� If the violation is knowing or wilful, the court may award up to three
times the actual damages amount.�

2. To seek an injunction.

D. The attorney general may bring an
action in superior court to enforce this section only if an aggrieved owner
does not seek to file a private right of action.

E. The attorney general or a county
attorney may intervene in any civil action brought pursuant to subsection C of
this section.� A person who violates this section may be subject to a civil
penalty of not more than:

1. $200 for a first violation.

2. $400 for a second violation.

3. $600 for a third or subsequent
violation.

F. civil Penalties collected PURSUANT
to subsection e of this section shall be deposited, pursuant to sections 35-146
and 35-147, in the consumer protection-consumer fraud revolving fund
established by section 44-1531.01.

G. An action brought for a violation
pursuant to this section must commence within three years after the violation
is discovered or reasonably should have been discovered.

H. This section does not apply to any
of the following:

1. Motor vehicles or motor vehicle
parts.

2. Medical devices as defined in 21
united states code section 1602(7).

3. Products that are not available
for retail sale to consumers.

I. For the purposes of this section:

1. "Electronic equipment":

(
a
) Means a
product that is all of the following:

(
i
) Functions,
in whole or in part, on the basis of digital electronics that are embedded
within or attached to that product.

(
ii
) Is
tangible personal property.

(
iii
) Is sold,
used or supplied in this state one year or more after the product was first
sold, used or supplied in this state.

(
b
) Includes
any of the following:

(
i
) a Computing
device.

(
ii
) a Video
game console.

(
iii
) a
Smartphone.

(
iv
) a Tablet
or other similar product.

2. "modification":

(
a
) Means
altering, customizing or enhancing the hardware, software, firmware or
functionality of electronic EQUIPMENT by an owner.

(
b
) Includes
installing custom software, replacing components or bypassing manufacturer
restrictions.

3. "Original EQUIPMENT
manufacturer" means a person that engages in the business of selling,
leasing or supplying electronic EQUIPMENT that is manufactured by or on behalf
of that person.

4. "owner" means a person
that purchases or leases electronic EQUIPMENT from an original EQUIPMENT
manufacturer.

5. "Trade secret" has the
same meaning prescribed in section 44-401.
END_STATUTE

Sec. 2. Section 44-1531.01, Arizona Revised
Statutes, is amended to read:

START_STATUTE
44-1531.01.

Consumer protection-consumer fraud revolving fund; use of fund

A. The consumer protection-consumer fraud revolving
fund is established to be administered by the attorney general under the
conditions and for the purposes provided by this section. Monies in
the fund are subject to legislative appropriation. Monies in the
fund are exempt from the provisions of section 35-190, relating to
lapsing of appropriations.

B. The fund consists
of the following:

1. Any investigative
or court costs, attorney fees or civil penalties recovered for the state by the
attorney general as a result of enforcement of either state or federal statutes
pertaining to consumer protection or consumer fraud, whether by final judgment,
settlement or otherwise, except that the costs, penalties or fees recovered by
a county attorney shall be retained in the county and used for investigative
operations for consumer protection in the county.

2. Monies deposited pursuant to section 41-5603.

3. Civil penalties deposited pursuant
to section 44-1383.

C. The attorney general shall use the monies in the
fund for operating expenses, including any cost or expense associated with the
tobacco master settlement agreement arbitration, consumer fraud education and
investigative and enforcement operations of the consumer protection division.

D. Notwithstanding subsection C of this section, the
attorney general may use up to $335,000 annually from the fund to continue the
operation of the federally recognized internet crimes against children task
force program. This program shall coordinate a national network of
task forces that
assist

assists
federal,
state, local and tribal law enforcement agencies in investigations, forensic
examinations and prosecutions related to the technology-facilitated
sexual exploitation of children and internet crimes against children.

E. On or before January 15, April 15, July 15 and
October 15, the attorney general shall file with the governor, with copies to
the director of the department of administration, the president of the senate,
the speaker of the house of representatives, the secretary of state and the
staff director of the joint legislative budget committee, a full and complete
account of the receipts and disbursements from the fund in the previous
calendar quarter.

F. On or before January 15, April 15, July 15 and
October 15, each county attorney who retains monies pursuant to subsection B of
this section shall provide the county board of supervisors with a full and
complete account of the receipts and disbursements of the monies in the
previous calendar quarter.
END_STATUTE

Sec. 3.
Short title

This act may be cited as the
"True Ownership Act".