Decriminalize Adult Commercial Sexual Activity

Second Regular Session
Seventy-fifth General Assembly
STATE OF COLORADO
INTRODUCED

LLS NO. 26-0432.02 Anna Petrini x5497 SENATE BILL 26-097
Senate Committees House Committees
Judiciary
A BILL FOR AN ACT
CONCERNING DECRIMINALIZING CO MMERCIAL SEXUAL ACTIVITY101
AMONG CONSENTING ADULTS.102
Bill Summary
(Note: This summary applies to this bill as introduced and does
not reflect any amendments that may be subsequently adopted. If this bill
passes third reading in the house of introduction, a bill summary that
applies to the reengrossed version of this bill will be available at
http://leg.colorado.gov.)
The bill requires the statewide decriminalization of commercial
sexual activity among consenting adults. It declares that decriminalizing
commercial sexual activity among consenting adults is a matter of
statewide concern and expressly preempts statutory or home rule city,
town, city and county, or county ordinances, resolutions, regulations, or
codes criminalizing commercial sexual activity.
SENATE SPONSORSHIP
Hinrichsen and Cutter,
HOUSE SPONSORSHIP
Garcia and Stewart R.,
Shading denotes HOUSE amendment. Double underlining denotes SENATE amendment.
Capital letters or bold & italic numbers indicate new material to be added to existing law.
Dashes through the words or numbers indicate deletions from existing law.
The bill repeals the state criminal offenses of prostitution,
soliciting for prostitution, keeping a place of prostitution, patronizing a
prostitute, and prostitute making display. It also repeals the offense of
pandering when it involves knowingly arranging or offering to arrange a
situation that permits a person to practice prostitution. The bill maintains
current state criminal penalties for pandering that involves menacing or
criminal intimidation and for pimping, but it changes terminology in those
offenses by replacing "prostitution" with "commercial sexual activity".
The bill makes various conforming amendments, including those
related to: Reporting requirements, immunity, affirmative defenses, and
criminal conviction records in human trafficking cases; public nuisances;
certification by the peace officers standards and training board; and the
regulation of escort bureaus and massage parlors. The bill eliminates a
court program for persons charged with certain prostitution-related
offenses.
Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Colorado:1
SECTION 1. In Colorado Revised Statutes, repeal and reenact,2
with amendments, 18-7-201 as follows:3
18-7-201. Commercial sexual activity - legislative declaration.4
(1) A N ADULT WHO ENGAGES IN CONSENSUAL COMMERCIAL5
SEXUAL ACTIVITY WITH ANOTHER ADULT DOES NOT VIOLATE STATE LAW6
OR AN ORDINANCE, RESOLUTION, REGULATION, OR CODE ADOPTED BY A7
STATUTORY OR HOME RULE CITY, TOWN, CITY AND COUNTY, OR COUNTY.8
(2) THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY FINDS AND DECLARES THAT:9
(a) C RIMINALIZING PROSTITUTION ENDANGERS ADULTS WHO10
ENGAGE IN CONSENSUAL SEXUAL ACTIVITY . FEAR OF CRIMINAL11
PUNISHMENT AMONG CONSENTING ADULTS ENGAGED IN COMMERCIAL12
SEXUAL ACTIVITY ENCOURAGES PHYSICAL, EMOTIONAL, AND STRUCTURAL13
VIOLENCE AGAINST SEX WORKERS, SUBJECTS THEM TO ECONOMIC CRIMES,14
AND INCREASES RESISTANCE TO HARM -REDUCTION PRACTICES . SEX15
WORKERS ARE LESS LIKELY TO REPORT THESE CRIMES OR SEEK MEDICAL16
HELP FOLLOWING AN ASSAULT.17
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(b) LIKE WORKERS IN OTHER FIELDS, SEX WORKERS DESERVE THE1
OPPORTUNITY TO SCREEN THEIR CLIENTS TO ENSURE A SAFE TRANSACTION.2
CRIMINALIZING CLIENT CONDUCT CREATES A DISINCENTIVE FOR3
PROSPECTIVE CLIENTS TO SHARE PERSONAL INFORMATION, WHICH INHIBITS4
SEX WORKERS' ABILITY TO MAINTAIN THEIR SAFETY.5
(c) C ONSENSUAL COMMERCIAL SEXUAL ACTIVITY IS DISTINCT6
FROM HUMAN TRAFFICKING, WHICH REMOVES THE AGENCY OF TRAFFICKED7
INDIVIDUALS AND COERCES THEM INTO OFTEN HARMFUL SEXUAL8
EXCHANGES. DECRIMINALIZING CONSENSUAL SEX WORK FOR ADULTS9
ENABLES LAW ENFORCEMENT TO FOCUS RESOURCES ON PERPETRATORS10
WHO INDUCE OTHERS TO PERFORM SEX ACTS BY FORCE , FRAUD , OR11
COERCION.12
(d) D ECRIMINALIZING COMMERCIAL SEXUAL ACTIVITY AMONG13
CONSENTING ADULTS IS A MATTER OF STATEWIDE CONCERN . SEX WORK14
TRANSACTIONS OFTEN OCCUR ONLINE , SPANNING MULTIPLE LOCAL15
GOVERNMENT JURISDICTIONS . SEX WORKERS DESERVE CLARITY AND16
CERTAINTY THAT THEY CAN SAFELY CONDUCT BUSINESS WITHIN THE17
STATE, REGARDLESS OF THE LOCAL GOVERNING AUTHORITY.18
(e) T HEREFORE, THIS SECTION PREEMPTS ANY ORDINANCE ,19
RESOLUTION, REGULATION, OR CODE ADOPTED BY A STATUTORY OR HOME20
RULE CITY , TOWN , CITY AND C OUNTY, OR COUNTY CRIMINALIZING21
CONSENSUAL COMMERCIAL SEXUAL ACTIVITY AMONG ADULTS.22
SECTION 2. In Colorado Revised Statutes, add 18-7-200.3 as23
follows:24
18-7-200.3. Definitions.25
(1) A S USED IN THIS PART 2, UNLESS THE CONTEXT OTHERWISE26
REQUIRES:27
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(a) "ADULT" MEANS A PERSON WHO IS EIGHTEEN YEARS OLD OR1
OLDER.2
(b) "A NAL INTERCOURSE " MEANS CONTACT BETWEEN HUMAN3
BEINGS OF THE GENITAL ORGANS OF ONE AND THE ANUS OF ANOTHER.4
(c) "C OMMERCIAL SEXUAL ACTIVITY " MEANS PERFORMING OR5
OFFERING OR AGREEING TO PERFORM ANY ACT OF SEXUAL INTERCOURSE,6
FELLATIO, CUNNILINGUS, MASTURBATION, OR ANAL INTERCOURSE WITH7
ANOTHER WHO IS NOT THE PERSON 'S SPOUSE FOR WHICH THE PERSON8
GIVES, PROMISES, OR RECEIVES ANYTHING OF VALUE.9
(d) "CUNNILINGUS" MEANS ANY ACT OF ORAL STIMULATION OF THE10
VULVA OR CLITORIS.11
(e) "F ELLATIO" MEANS ANY ACT OF ORAL STIMULATION OF THE12
PENIS.13
(f) "M ASTURBATION" MEANS STIMULATION OF THE GENITAL14
ORGANS BY MANUAL OR OTHER BODILY CONTACT EXCLUSIVE OF SEXUAL15
INTERCOURSE.16
SECTION 3. In Colorado Revised Statutes, repeal 18-7-201.3 as17
follows:18
18-7-201.3. Affirmative defense - human trafficking -19
expungement of record protective order - definitions.20
(1) A person charged with pros titution, as described in section21
18-7-201 or any corresponding municipal code or ordinance, for an22
offense committed on or after July 1, 2015, which offense was committed23
as a direct result of being a victim of human trafficking, may assert as an24
affirmative defense that he or she is a victim of human trafficking as25
defined in subsection (4) of this section. To assert the affirmative defense26
pursuant to this subsection (1), the person charged with the offense must27
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demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that he or she was a1
victim of human trafficking at the time of the offense. An official2
determination or documentation is not required to assert an affirmative3
defense pursuant to this subsection (1), but official documentation from4
a federal, state, local, or tribal government agency indicating that the5
defendant was a victim at the time of the offense creates a presumption6
that his or her participation in the offense was a direct result of being a7
victim.8
(2) Repealed.9
(3) At the request of a person who asserted the affirmative defense10
pursuant to subsection (1) of this section, the court may at any time issue11
a protective order concerning protecting the confidentiality of the person12
asserting the affirmative defense.13
(4) As used in this section, unless the context otherwise requires:14
(a) "Human trafficking" means an offense described in part 5 of15
article 3 of this title or any conduct that, if it occurred prior to the16
enactment of such part 5, would constitute an offense of human17
trafficking pursuant to part 5 of article 3 of this title.18
(b) "Victim of human trafficking" means a "victim" as defined in19
section 18-3-502 (12).20
SECTION 4. In Colorado Revised Statutes, amend 18-7-201.421
as follows:22
18-7-201.4. Victim of human trafficking of a minor for sexual23
servitude - provision of services - reporting.24
If a law enforcement officer encounters a person who is under25
eighteen years of age OLD and who is engaging in any conduct that would26
be a violation of section 18-7-201, 18-7-202, 18-7-204, or 18-7-207, AS27
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THE SECTIONS EXISTED PRIOR TO JULY 1, 2026, or a prostitution-related1
offense CORRESPONDING COMMERCIAL -SEXUAL-ACTIVITY-RELATED2
VIOLATION pursuant to a county or municipal ordinance, AS THE3
ORDINANCE EXISTED PRIOR TO JULY 1, 2026, and there is probable cause4
to believe that the minor is a victim of human trafficking of a minor for5
sexual servitude pursuant to section 18-3-504, the law enforcement6
officer or agency shall immediately report a suspected violation of human7
trafficking of a minor for sexual servitude to the appropriate county8
department of human or social services or the child abuse reporting9
hotline system created pursuant to section 26-5-111. The county10
department of human or social services shall subsequently follow the11
reporting requirements set forth in section 19-3-308 (4)(c).12
SECTION 5. In Colorado Revised Statutes, repeal 18-7-202 as13
follows:14
18-7-202. Soliciting for prostitution.15
(1) A person commits soliciting for prostitution if he:16
(a) Solicits another for the purpose of prostitution; or17
(b) Arranges or offers to arrange a meeting of persons for the18
purpose of prostitution; or19
(c) Directs another to a place knowing such direction is for the20
purpose of prostitution.21
(2) Soliciting for prostitution is a petty offense. A person who is22
convicted of soliciting for prostitution may be required to pay a fine of23
not more than five thousand dollars in addition to any penalty imposed by24
the court pursuant to section 18-1.3-501, which additional fine shall be25
transferred to the state treasurer, who shall transfer the same to the26
prostitution enforcement cash fund created in section 24-33.5-513.27
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SECTION 6. In Colorado Revised Statutes, amend 18-7-203 as1
follows:2
18-7-203. Pandering.3
(1) Any A person who does any of the following for money or4
other thing of value commits pandering:5
(a) Inducing a person by menacing or criminal intimidation to6
commit prostitution; or ENGAGE IN COMMERCIAL SEXUAL ACTIVITY.7
(b) Knowingly arranging or offering to arrange a situation in8
which a person may practice prostitution.9
(2) (a) Pandering under paragraph (a) of subsection (1) PURSUANT10
TO SUBSECTION (1)(a) of this section is a class 5 felony. A person who is11
convicted of pandering under paragraph (a) of subsection (1) PURSUANT12
TO SUBSECTION (1)(a) of this section shall be required to pay a fine of not13
less than five thousand dollars and not more than ten thousand dollars in14
addition to any penalty imposed by the court pursuant to section15
18-1.3-401. which additional fine shall be transferred to the state16
treasurer, who shall transfer the same to the prostitution enforcement cash17
fund created in section 24-33.5-513, C.R.S.18
(b) Pandering pursuant to subsection (1)(b) of this section is a19
class 2 misdemeanor. A person who is convicted of pandering shall be20
required to pay a fine of not less than five thousand dollars and not more21
than ten thousand dollars in addition to any penalty imposed by the court22
pursuant to section 18-1.3-501, which additional fine shall be transferred23
to the state treasurer, who shall transfer the same to the prostitution24
enforcement cash fund created in section 24-33.5-513.25
SECTION 7. In Colorado Revised Statutes, repeal 18-7-204 as26
follows:27
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18-7-204. Keeping a place of prostitution.1
(1) Any person who has or exercises control over the use of any2
place which offers seclusion or shelter for the practice of prostitution and3
who performs any one or more of the following commits keeping a place4
of prostitution if he:5
(a) Knowingly grants or permits the use of such place for the6
purpose of prostitution; or7
(b) Permits the continued use of such place for the purpose of8
prostitution after becoming aware of facts or circumstances from which9
he should reasonably know that the place is being used for purposes of10
prostitution.11
(2) Keeping a place of prostitution is a class 2 misdemeanor.12
SECTION 8. In Colorado Revised Statutes, repeal 18-7-205 as13
follows:14
18-7-205. Patronizing a prostitute.15
(1) Any person who performs any of the following with a person16
not his spouse commits patronizing a prostitute:17
(a) Engages in an act of sexual intercourse or of deviate sexual18
conduct with a prostitute; or19
(b) Enters or remains in a place of prostitution with intent to20
engage in an act of sexual intercourse or deviate sexual conduct.21
(2) Patronizing a prostitute is a petty offense. A person who is22
convicted of patronizing a prostitute may be required to pay a fine of not23
more than five thousand dollars in addition to any penalty imposed by the24
court pursuant to section 18-1.3-401 or 18-1.3-503, which additional fine25
shall be transferred to the state treasurer, who shall transfer the same to26
the prostitution enforcement cash fund created in section 24-33.5-513.27
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SECTION 9. In Colorado Revised Statutes, amend 18-7-206 as1
follows:2
18-7-206. Pimping.3
Any A person who knowingly lives on or is supported or4
maintained in whole or in part by money or other thing of value earned,5
received, procured, or realized by any other ANOTHER person through6
prostitution COMMERCIAL SEXUAL ACTIVITY commits pimping, which is7
a class 3 felony.8
SECTION 10. In Colorado Revised Statutes, repeal 18-7-207 as9
follows:10
18-7-207. Prostitute making display.11
Any person who by word, gesture, or action endeavors to further12
the practice of prostitution in any public place or within public view13
commits a petty offense.14
SECTION 11. In Colorado Revised Statutes, amend 18-7-209 as15
follows:16
18-7-209. Immunity from prostitution-related offenses -17
victims - human trafficking of a minor for involuntary servitude -18
human trafficking of a minor for sexual servitude.19
If probable cause exists to believe that a minor charged with a20
prostitution-related activity pursuant to section 18-7-201, 18-7-202,21
18-7-204, or 18-7-207, AS THE SECTIONS EXISTED PRIOR TO JULY 1, 2026,22
or a prostitution-related CORRESPONDING COMMERCIAL -SEXUAL-23
ACTIVITY-RELATED offense pursuant to a county or municipal ordinance,24
AS THE ORDINANCE EXISTED PRIOR TO JULY 1, 2026, was a victim of25
human trafficking of a minor for involuntary servitude, pursuant to26
section 18-3-503 (2), or human trafficking of a minor for sexual27
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servitude, pursuant to section 18-3-504 (2), at the time of the offense1
being charged, the minor is immune from criminal liability or juvenile2
delinquency proceedings for such charges.3
SECTION 12. In Colorado Revised Statutes, 12-235-108, amend4
(5) as follows:5
12-235-108. License - requirements - denial of license6
application.7
(5) Notwithstanding any provision of this section, the director may8
deny a license if the applicant has committed any act that would be9
grounds for disciplinary action under section 12-235-111 or if the director10
determines, subsequent to the criminal history record check, that the11
applicant was convicted of, pled guilty or nolo contendere to, or received12
a deferred sentence for a charge of unlawful sexual behavior as defined13
in section 16-22-102, any prostitution-related offense, or a14
human-trafficking-related offense as described in sections 18-3-503 and15
18-3-504, whether or not the act was committed in Colorado.16
SECTION 13. In Colorado Revised Statutes, 12-235-111, amend17
(1)(m) as follows:18
12-235-111. Grounds for discipline - definitions.19
(1) The director is authorized to take disciplinary action pursuant20
to section 12-235-112 against any person who has:21
(m) Been c onvicted of, pl ed guilty or nolo contendere to, or22
received a deferred sentence for a charge of unlawful sexual behavior as23
defined in section 16-22-102, any pr ostitution-related offense, or any24
human-trafficking-related offense as described in sections 18-3-503 and25
18-3-504, whether or not the act was committed in Colorado;26
SECTION 14. In Colorado Revised Statutes, repeal 13-10-126.27
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SECTION 15. In Colorado Revised Statutes, 16-13-303, amend1
(1) introductory portion and (1)(a) as follows:2
16-13-303. Class 1 public nuisance.3
(1) Every building or part of a building including the ground upon4
which it is situate and all fixtures and contents thereof, every vehicle, and5
any real property shall be IS deemed a class 1 public nuisance when:6
(a) Used as a public or private place of prostitution or used as a7
place where the commission of soliciting for prostitution, as defined in8
section 18-7-202, C.R.S.; pandering, as defined in section 18-7-203;9
C.R.S.; keeping a place of prostitution, as defined in section 18-7-204,10
C.R.S.; pimping, as defined in section 18-7-206; C.R.S.; or human11
trafficking, as described in section 18-3-503 or 18-3-504, C.R.S., occurs;12
SECTION 16. In Colorado Revised Statutes, 16-13-304, amend13
(1)(b) as follows:14
16-13-304. Class 2 public nuisance.15
(1) The following are deemed to be a class 2 public nuisance:16
(b) Any public or private place or premises which THAT17
encourages professional gambling, unlawful use, sale, or distribution of18
imitation controlled substances, as defined in section 18-18-420 (3),19
C.R.S., drugs, controlled substances, as defined in section 18-18-102 (5),20
C.R.S., or other drugs the possession of which is an offense under the21
laws of this state, furnishing or selling intoxicating liquor to minors,22
furnishing or selling fermented malt beverages to persons under the age23
of twenty-one, solicitation for prostitution, or traffic in stolen property;24
or25
SECTION 17. In Colorado Revised Statutes, 18-1-410.7, amend26
(1)(c) as follows:27
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18-1-410.7. Vacating certain criminal convictions for victims1
of human trafficking.2
(1) (c) This section does not apply to a conviction if the individual3
raised an affirmative defense described in section 18-7-201.3 or 18-3-5044
(2.5) at trial and was still convicted after raising the defense.5
SECTION 18. In Colorado Revised Statutes, 18-1-712.5, amend6
(2) and (4) as follows:7
18-1-712.5. Immunity for sex workers and persons who are8
victims of human trafficking for sexual servitude and who suffer or9
report an assault - definition.10
(2) A person is immune from arrest and prosecution for11
prostitution as described in section 18-7-201, AS IT EXISTED PRIOR TO12
JULY 1, 2026, soliciting for prostitution as described in section 18-7-202,13
AS IT EXISTED PRIOR TO JULY 1, 2026, and a prostitute making display as14
described in section 18-7-207, AS IT EXISTED PRIOR TO JULY 1, 2026, if the15
person seeks assistance from a law enforcement officer, the 911 system,16
or a medical provider and if the evidence for the charge of prostitution,17
soliciting prostitution, or a prostitute making display was obtained as a18
result of the person seeking assistance, as a result of the need for19
assistance, or as a result of the reporting of assistance. This subsection (2)20
also applies to equivalent municipal charges and arrests, PURSUANT TO21
MUNICIPAL CODES OR ORDINANCES , AS THEY EXISTED PRIOR TO JULY 1,22
2026.23
(4) The immunity described in subsection (2) of this section for24
the offense of prostitution is not grounds for suppression of evidence in25
other criminal charges. Nothing in this section prohibits the prosecution26
of a person for offenses OR MUNICIPAL CODE OR ORDINANCE VIOLATIONS27
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other than those listed in subsection (2) of this section, or to limit the1
ability of a district attorney or law enforcement officer to obtain or use2
evidence from a report, recording, or any other statement provided3
pursuant to subsection (2) of this section to prosecute an offense other4
than those listed in subsection (2) of this section. Nothing in this section5
prohibits the provision of immunity pursuant to other sections of law, as6
applicable, including section 18-1-711.7
SECTION 19. In Colorado Revised Statutes, 24-31-305, amend8
(1.5)(a)(III) as follows:9
24-31-305. Certification - issuance - renewal - revocation -10
rules - definition.11
(1.5) (a) The P.O.S.T. board shall deny certification to any person12
who has been convicted of:13
(III) Any A misdemeanor in violation of sections 18-7-201,14
18-7-202, 18-7-203, 18-7-204, 18-7-302 and 18-7-601; C.R.S.;15
SECTION 20. In Colorado Revised Statutes, 24-72-707, amend16
(1.5) as follows:17
24-72-707. Sealing of criminal conviction records information18
for offenses committed by victims of human trafficking.19
(1.5) A person charged with or convicted of prostitution, as20
described in section 18-7-201, AS IT EXISTED PRIOR TO JULY 1, 2026, or21
any corresponding municipal code or ordinance, which offense AS IT22
EXISTED PRIOR TO JULY 1, 2026, THAT was committed as a direct result of23
being a victim of human trafficking, as defined in section 18-7-201.3 (4),24
may file a motion with the court for a sealing of the person's records.25
SECTION 21. In Colorado Revised Statutes, 29-11.8-109,26
amend (2) as follows:27
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29-11.8-109. Persons prohibited as licensees.1
(2) For purposes of determining good moral character, the local2
licensing authority may consider the criminal record of all applicants,3
including, but not limited to, any conviction or guilty plea to a charge4
based on acts of dishonesty, fraud, deceit, OR sexual misconduct, or5
prostitution-related misconduct of any kind, whether or not the acts were6
committed in this state.7
SECTION 22. In Colorado Revised Statutes, 29-11.8-112,8
amend (2) as follows:9
29-11.8-112. Duties of escort bureau.10
(2) The escort bureau shall provide to each escort patron a written11
contract for services. The contract shall MUST clearly state the name and12
address of the escort and customer, the type of services to be performed,13
the length of time such THE services shall ARE TO be performed, the total14
amount of money such THE services will cost the escort patron, and any15
special terms or conditions relating to the services to be performed. The16
contract shall include a statement in clear and concise language that17
prostitution is illegal in this state and that both parties to an act of18
prostitution may be punished by both fine and imprisonment and that no19
act of prostitution shall be performed in relation to the services for which20
contracted. Each contract shall MUST be numbered and utilized in21
numerical sequence by the escort bureau. The contract shall MUST be22
signed by the escort patron and a copy furnished to him or her THE23
PATRON. The escort bureau shall also retain copies of all such contracts,24
and THE ESCORT BUREAU SHALL TRANSMIT one copy of each such contract25
executed in any A calendar month shall be transmitted by the escort26
bureau to the local licensing authority no later than ten days after the last27
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day of such THE month. The local licensing authority shall treat such THE1
contracts transmitted to them as open public records.2
SECTION 23. In Colorado Revised Statutes, 30-15-401.4,3
amend (4)(a)(IV)(C), (5)(b), and (5)(j) as follows:4
30-15-401.4. Statewide policy to prevent the operation of illicit5
massage businesses - local regulation authorized - background checks6
required - legislative declaration - definitions.7
(4) (a) If a local government adopts a resolution or ordinance to8
establish business licensure requirements for massage facilities as set9
forth in subsection (3)(a) of this section, the business licensure10
requirements may only include:11
(IV) Allowing a licensing authority or a licensing authority's12
designee to deny an application if:13
(C) The applicant or an owner, prospective owner, or employee14
has been convicted of or entered a plea of guilty or nolo contendere that15
is accepted by the court for a felony or misdemeanor for solicitation of a16
prostitute, as described in section 18-7-202; a human-trafficking-related17
offense, as described in section 18-3-503 or 18-3-504; money laundering,18
as described in section 18-5-309;19
(5) A local government may adopt a resolution or ordinance to20
prohibit activities to prevent the operation of illicit massage businesses21
that engage in human trafficking-related offenses as described in sections22
18-3-503 and 18-3-504. Prohibited activities include:23
(b) Advertising to a prospective client that services, including24
prostitution, sexual acts, escort services, sexual services, or services25
related to human trafficking disguised as legitimate services are available;26
(j) Permitting a person in a massage facility to make an agreement27
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with an employee or contractor to engage in any prostitution-related1
COMMERCIAL-SEXUAL-ACTIVITY-RELATED offense in the massage facility;2
or any other location;3
SECTION 24. Effective date - applicability. This act takes4
effect July 1, 2026, and applies to conduct occurring on or after said date.5
SECTION 25. Safety clause. The general assembly finds,6
determines, and declares that this act is necessary for the immediate7
preservation of the public peace, health, or safety or for appropriations for8
the support and maintenance of the departments of the state and state9
institutions.10
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