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HB0351 • 2026

Civil Actions - Violation of Constitutional Rights (No Kings Act)

Civil Actions - Violation of Constitutional Rights (No Kings Act)

Firearms
Enacted

This bill passed the Legislature and reached final enactment based on the latest official action.

Sponsor
Delegates Moon , Charkoudian , and Martinez
Last action
2026-05-12
Official status
Approved by the Governor - Chapter 459
Effective date
2026-10-01

Plain English Breakdown

The official source material does not provide details on how the act will be enforced or what specific consequences judicial officers might face if they violate constitutional rights.

No Kings Act: Civil Actions for Violation of Constitutional Rights

This act allows individuals or the Office of the Attorney General to sue judicial officers who violate their constitutional rights and requires law enforcement agencies to collect digital data about judicial officers involved in misconduct.

What This Bill Does

  • Allows an individual or the Office of the Attorney General to file a lawsuit against a judicial officer if they violate someone's constitutional rights.
  • Enables the Office of the Attorney General, State Prosecutors, and State Attorneys to direct law enforcement agencies to collect digital information about judicial officers involved in misconduct.
  • Requires complainants to obtain court orders before accessing identifying digital data related to their complaints against judicial officers.
  • Establishes a five-year time limit for filing lawsuits under this act.

Who It Names or Affects

  • Judicial officers who violate constitutional rights
  • People who file complaints against judicial officers
  • Law enforcement agencies collecting digital information about judicial officers

Terms To Know

judicial officer
An officer with the authority to make arrests and carry firearms, excluding those primarily enforcing U.S. laws as part of a joint task force.
identifying digital data
Digital information such as license plate data, cell tower data, GPS data, and facial recognition data used to identify individuals involved in misconduct.

Limits and Unknowns

  • The act does not affect local government liability under state or common law for the actions of their employees.
  • It is unclear how this act will be enforced and what specific consequences judicial officers might face if they violate constitutional rights.

Amendments

These notes stay tied to the official amendment files and metadata from the legislature.

143128/1

None • Senator Ready

Floor Amendment { 143128/1 (Senator Ready) Rejected

Plain English: AMENDMENTS TO HOUSE BILL 351 (Third Reading File Bill) AMENDMENT NO.

  • AMENDMENTS TO HOUSE BILL 351 (Third Reading File Bill) AMENDMENT NO.
  • 1 On page 1, in line 12, after “action” insert “, under certain circumstances,”.
  • AMENDMENT NO.
  • 2 On page 2, in line 21, strike “AN” and substitute “SUBJECT TO PARAGRAPH (3) OF THIS SUBSECTION, AN”; and after line 28, insert: “(3) (I) AN ACTION MAY BE BROU GHT UNDER THIS SECTI ON ONLY AFTER A FINAL DETERMINATION THAT A JUDICIAL OFFICER, UNDER COLOR OF LAW , DEPRIVED AN AGGRIEVE D PARTY OR CAUSED OR ALLOWED THE AGGRIEVED PARTY TO BE DEPRIVED OF A RIGHT, A PRIVILEGE, OR AN IMMUNITY IS MADE BY: 1.
253421/1

None • Delegate Buckel

Floor Amendment { 253421/1 (Delegate Buckel) Rejected (37-94)

Plain English: AMENDMENTS TO HOUSE BILL 351, AS AMENDED AMENDMENT NO.

  • AMENDMENTS TO HOUSE BILL 351, AS AMENDED AMENDMENT NO.
  • 1 On page 1 of the Judiciary Committee Amendments (HB0351/703523/1), in line 5 of Amendment No.
  • 1, after “action” insert “, under certain circumstances,”.
  • AMENDMENT NO.
293626/1

None • Delegate Tomlinson

Floor Amendment { 293626/1 (Delegate Tomlinson) Rejected (37-94)

Plain English: AMENDMENT TO HOUSE BILL 351, AS AMENDED On page 3 of the Judiciary Committee Amendments (HB0351/703523/1), in line 3 of Amendment No.

  • AMENDMENT TO HOUSE BILL 351, AS AMENDED On page 3 of the Judiciary Committee Amendments (HB0351/703523/1), in line 3 of Amendment No.
  • 2, strike “OR ALLOWS”.
  • HB0351/293626/1 BY: Delegate Tomlinson
333722/1

None • Delegate Grammer

Floor Amendment { 333722/1 (Delegate Grammer) Rejected (35-94)

Plain English: AMENDMENTS TO HOUSE BILL 351, AS AMENDED (First Reading File Bill) AMENDMENT NO.

  • AMENDMENTS TO HOUSE BILL 351, AS AMENDED (First Reading File Bill) AMENDMENT NO.
  • 1 On page 1, in line 3, after “to” insert “seek a warrant to gather and securely retain certain identifying digital data about a certain judicial officer or judicial officers at a certain time; authorizing the Office of the Attorney General, a State Prosecutor, or a State’s Attorney to”.
  • AMENDMENT NO.
  • 2 On page 2, in line 22, after “ (B)” insert “(1)”; and in line 23, after “ MAY” insert “APPLY FOR A WARRANT TO GATHER AND SECURE LY RETAIN THE IDENTI FYING DIGITAL DATA ABOUT THE JUDICIAL OFFICER OR JUDICIAL OFFICERS WHO ARE THE SUBJECT OF THE JUDICIAL OFFICER MISCONDUCT COMPLAINT.
343129/1

None • Senator Ready

Floor Amendment { 343129/1 (Senator Ready) Rejected (13-30)

Plain English: AMENDMENTS TO HOUSE BILL 351, AS AMENDED (Third Reading File Bill) AMENDMENT NO.

  • AMENDMENTS TO HOUSE BILL 351, AS AMENDED (Third Reading File Bill) AMENDMENT NO.
  • 1 On page 1 on the Judicial Proceeding Committee Amendments (HB0351/683028/1), in line 7 of Amendment No.
  • 1, strike “or allows”.
  • AMENDMENT NO.
503524/1

None

Floor Committee Amendment { 503524/1 Adopted

Plain English: AMENDMENT TO HOUSE BILL 351, AS AMENDED On page 2 of the Judiciary Committee Amendments (HB0351/703523/1), in line 11 of Amendment No.

  • AMENDMENT TO HOUSE BILL 351, AS AMENDED On page 2 of the Judiciary Committee Amendments (HB0351/703523/1), in line 11 of Amendment No.
  • 2, after “ CONSTITUTION;” insert “AND”; strike beginning with “THE” in line 12 down through “(4)” in line 14; and strike beginning with the semicolon in line 14 down through “MARYLAND” in line 15.
  • HB0351/503524/1 BY: Judiciary Committee
683028/1

None

Favorable with Amendments { 683028/1 Adopted

Plain English: AMENDMENTS TO HOUSE BILL 351 (Third Reading File Bill) AMENDMENT NO.

  • AMENDMENTS TO HOUSE BILL 351 (Third Reading File Bill) AMENDMENT NO.
  • 1 On page 1, at the top of the page, strike “EMERGENCY BILL”; in line 3, strike “Constitutional Rights – Violations and Digital Unmasking” and substitute “Civil Actions – Violation of Constitutional Rights”; after line 3, insert: “(No Kings Act)”; and strike beginning with “ authorizing” in line 4 down through “ rights” in line 13 and substitute “establishing certain civil liability for an individual who, under color of law, deprives another, or causes or allows another to be deprived, of a right, a privilege, or an immunity se cured by the U.S.
  • Constitution or the laws of the United States ; and generally relating to civil liability for the deprivation of rights”; in line 1 7, strike “Constitutional”.
  • On pages 1 and 2, strike in their entirety the lines beginning with line 20 on page 1 through line 1 on page 2, inclusive.
703523/1

None

Favorable with Amendments { 703523/1 Adopted

Plain English: AMENDMENTS TO HOUSE BILL 351 (First Reading File Bill) AMENDMENT NO.

  • AMENDMENTS TO HOUSE BILL 351 (First Reading File Bill) AMENDMENT NO.
  • 1 On page 1, at the top of the page, insert “EMERGENCY BILL”; in the sponsor line, strike “Moon” and substitute “Moon, Charkoudian,”; strike line 2 in its entirety and substitute “ Constitutional Rights – Violations and Digital Unmasking ”; in line 3, after the first “of” insert “authorizing an aggrieved party or the Office of the Attorney General to bring an action against a certain judicial officer who, under color of law, deprives another of a right, a privilege, or an immunity secured under law;”; in the same line, after “General” insert “, a State Prosecutor,”; in line 4, strike “the Maryland State Police” and substitute “certain State and local law enforcement agencies”; in line 5, strike “federal agent or federal agents” and substitute “ judicial officer ”; in line 6, strike “complainant” and substitute “ plaintiff”; in line 7, strike “pursuant to” and substitute “in accordance with”; in the same line, strike “case” and substitute “ action”; strike beginning with “law” in line 7 down through “officers” in line 8 and substitute “violations of constitutional rights”; and after line 8, insert: “BY adding to Article - Courts and Judicial Proceedings Section 3–2701 and 3–2702 to be under the new subtitle “Subtitle 27.
  • Action for Deprivation of Constitutional Rights” Annotated Code of Maryland (2020 Replacement Volume and 2025 Supplement)”.
  • AMENDMENT NO.

Bill History

  1. 2026-05-12 Post Passage

    Approved by the Governor - Chapter 459

  2. 2026-04-09 Senate

    Favorable with Amendments Report by Judicial Proceedings

  3. 2026-03-26 House

    House Concurs Senate Amendments

  4. 2026-03-26 House

    Third Reading Passed (97-35)

  5. 2026-03-26 House

    Passed Enrolled

  6. 2026-03-24 Senate

    Hearing 4/02 at 1:00 p.m.

  7. 2026-03-22 Senate

    Floor Amendment { 143128/1 (Senator Ready) Rejected

  8. 2026-03-22 Senate

    Floor Amendment { 343129/1 (Senator Ready) Rejected (13-30)

  9. 2026-03-22 Senate

    Third Reading Passed (31-12)

  10. 2026-03-21 Senate

    Favorable with Amendments { 683028/1 Adopted

  11. 2026-03-21 Senate

    Second Reading Passed with Amendments

  12. 2026-02-23 House

    Favorable with Amendments Report by Judiciary

  13. 2026-02-20 House

    Third Reading Passed (96-38)

  14. 2026-02-19 House

    Floor Amendment { 293626/1 (Delegate Tomlinson) Rejected (37-94)

  15. 2026-02-19 House

    Floor Amendment { 253421/1 (Delegate Buckel) Rejected (37-94)

  16. 2026-02-19 House

    Floor Amendment { 333722/1 (Delegate Grammer) Rejected (35-94)

  17. 2026-02-19 House

    Second Reading Passed with Amendments

  18. 2026-02-19 Senate

    Referred Judicial Proceedings

  19. 2026-02-18 House

    Favorable with Amendments { 703523/1 Adopted

  20. 2026-02-18 House

    Floor Committee Amendment { 503524/1 Adopted

  21. 2026-02-18 House

    Motion Special Order until 2/25 (Delegate Tomlinson) Adopted

  22. 2026-01-29 House

    Hearing 2/18 at 1:00 p.m.

  23. 2026-01-19 House

    First Reading Judiciary

  24. Maryland General Assembly

    Text - First - Public Safety - Federal Agents - Digital Unmasking

  25. Maryland General Assembly

    Vote - House - Committee - Judiciary

  26. Maryland General Assembly

    Text - Third - Constitutional Rights - Violations and Digital Unmasking

  27. Maryland General Assembly

    Vote - Senate - Committee - Judicial Proceedings

  28. Maryland General Assembly

    Text - Enrolled - Civil Actions - Violation of Constitutional Rights (No Kings Act)

  29. Maryland General Assembly

    Text - Chapter - Civil Actions - Violation of Constitutional Rights (No Kings Act)

Official Summary Text

Establishing certain civil liability for an individual who, under color of law, deprives another, or causes or allows another to be deprived, of a right, a privilege, or an immunity secured by the U.S. Constitution or the laws of the United States.

Current Bill Text

Read the full stored bill text
EXPLANATION: CAPITALS INDICATE MATTER ADDED TO EXISTING LAW.
[Brackets] indicate matter deleted from existing law.
Underlining indicates amendments to bill.
Strike out indicates matter stricken from the bill by amendment or deleted from the law by
amendment.
Italics indicate opposite chamber/conference committee amendments.
*hb0351*

HOUSE BILL 351
E4 EMERGENCY BILL (6lr1852)
ENROLLED BILL
— Judiciary/Judicial Proceedings —
Introduced by Delegates Moon Moon, Charkoudian, and Martinez

Read and Examined by Proofreaders:

_______________________________________________
Proofreader.
_______________________________________________
Proofreader.

Sealed with the Great Seal and presented to the Governor, for his approval this

_______ day of ________ _______ at ________________________ o’clock, ________M.

______________________________________________
Speaker.

CHAPTER ______

AN ACT concerning 1

Public Safety – Federal Agents – Digital Unmasking 2
Constitutional Rights – Violations and Digital Unmasking 3
Civil Actions – Violation of Constitutional Rights 4
(No Kings Act) 5

FOR the purpose of authorizing an aggrieved party or the Office of the Attorney General to 6
bring an action against a certain judicial officer who, under color of law, deprives 7
another of a right, a privilege, or an immunity secured under law; authorizing the 8
Office of the Attorney General, a State Prosecutor, or a State’s Attorney to direct the 9
Maryland State Police certain State and local law enforcement agencies to gather 10
and securely retain certain identifying digital data about a certain federal agent or 11
federal agents judicial officer at a certain time; authorizing a certain complainant 12
plaintiff to obtain certain identifying digital data only pursuant to in accordance with 13
a court order issued in a certain case action; and generally relating to law 14
enforcement officers violations of constitutional rights establishing certain civil 15
2 HOUSE BILL 351

liability for an individual who, under color of law, deprives another, or causes or 1
allows another to be deprived, of a right, a privilege, or an immunity secured by the 2
U.S. Constitution or the laws of the United States; and generally relating to civil 3
liability for the deprivation of rights. 4

BY adding to 5
Article – Courts and Judicial Proceedings 6
Section 3 –2701 and 3 –2702 to be under the new subtitle “Subtitle 27. Action for 7
Deprivation of Constitutional Rights” 8
Annotated Code of Maryland 9
(2020 Replacement Volume and 2025 Supplement) 10

BY adding to 11
Article – Public Safety 12
Section 3–535 13
Annotated Code of Maryland 14
(2022 Replacement Volume and 2025 Supplement) 15

SECTION 1. BE IT ENACTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF MARYLAND, 16
That the Laws of Maryland read as follows: 17

Article – Courts and Judicial Proceedings 18

SUBTITLE 27. ACTION FOR DEPRIVATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS. 19

3–2701. 20

(A) IN THIS SUBTITLE THE FOLLOWING WORDS HAVE THE MEANINGS 21
INDICATED. 22

(B) “JUDICIAL OFFICER” MEANS 23

(1) “COVERED OFFICER ” MEANS, EXCEPT AS PROVIDED I N 24
PARAGRAPH (2) OF THIS SUBSECTION, AN OFFICER WHO MAY: 25

(1) (I) MAKE AN ARREST WITH O R WITHOUT A WARRANT FOR 26
VIOLATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES CODE; AND 27

(2) (II) CARRY FIREARMS IN THE PERFORMANCE OF THE OFFICER’S 28
DUTIES. 29

(2) “COVERED OFFICER” DOES NOT INCLUDE A L AW ENFORCEMENT 30
OFFICER, AS DEFINED IN § 1–101 OF THE PUBLIC SAFETY ARTICLE, ACTING UNDER 31
THE AUTHORITY OF A JOINT TASK FORCE THAT PRIMARILY ENFORCES THE UNITED 32
STATES CODE. 33
HOUSE BILL 351 3

(C) “LAW” INCLUDES: 1

(1) THE U.S. CONSTITUTION; AND 2

(2) THE MARYLAND DECLARATION OF RIGHTS; 3

(3) THE MARYLAND CONSTITUTION; 4

(4) THE LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES; AND 5

(5) THE LAWS OF MARYLAND. 6

3–2702. 7

(A) (1) AN AGGRIEVED PARTY OR THE OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY 8
GENERAL MAY BRING AN ACTION AGAINST A JUDICIAL OFFICER COVERED OFFICER 9
WHO, UNDER COLOR OF LAW , DEPRIVES THE AGGRIEV ED PARTY OR CAUSES O R 10
ALLOWS THE AGGRIEVED PARTY TO BE DEPRIVED OF A RIGHT, A PRIVILEGE, OR AN 11
IMMUNITY SECURED UNDER LAW THE LAW. 12

(2) AN AGGRIEVED PARTY OR THE OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY 13
GENERAL MAY SEEK DAMAGES AND DECLARATORY AND INJUNCTIVE RELIEF IN AN 14
ACTION BROUGHT UNDER THIS SECTION. 15

(B) A DEFENDANT IN AN ACTI ON UNDER THIS SECTIO N MAY ASSERT ANY 16
DEFENSE OF IMMUNITY OTHERWISE APPLICABLE AT THE TIME THE CAUS E OF 17
ACTION ACCRUES THAT WAS AVA ILABLE AT THE TIME T HE CAUSE OF ACTION 18
ACCRUED. 19

(C) A COURT MAY AWARD REAS ONABLE FEES AND COST S, INCLUDING 20
ATTORNEY’S FEES AND EXPERT WITNESS FEES, TO A PREVAILING PLAINTIFF UNDER 21
THIS SECTION. 22

(D) (1) AN ACTION UNDER THIS SECTION SHALL BE FIL ED WITHIN 5 23
YEARS AFTER THE CAUSE OF ACTION ACCRUES. 24

(2) THIS SECTION MAY NOT BE CONSTRUED TO ABROGATE: 25

(I) ANY LOCAL GOVERNMENT LIABILITY UNDER STATE OR 26
COMMON LAW FOR THE A CTIONS OF STATE OR LOCAL GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES; 27
OR 28

4 HOUSE BILL 351

(II) ANY STATUTORY WAIVER OF ANY DEFENSE , INCLUDING 1
IMMUNITY. 2

Article – Public Safety 3

3–535. 4

(A) (1) IN THIS SECTION THE F OLLOWING WORDS HAVE THE MEANINGS 5
INDICATED. 6

(2) “FEDERAL AGENT ” MEANS A FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT 7
OFFICER OR A PRIVATE CONTRACTOR HIRED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND 8
SECURITY TO ASSIST IN FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT. 9

(3) “FEDERAL AGENT MISCONDUCT” MEANS: 10

(I) USE OF EXCESSIVE FORCE BY A FEDERAL AGENT AGAINST A 11
MEMBER OF THE PUBLIC; 12

(II) ASSAULT OF A MEMBER OF THE PUBLIC BY A F EDERAL 13
AGENT; 14

(III) KIDNAPPING OR UNLAWFUL D ETENTION OF A MEMBER OF 15
THE PUBLIC BY A FEDERAL AGENT; OR 16

(IV) ENGAGING IN ACTIONS BY A FEDERAL AGENT THAT LEAD TO 17
A CREDIBLE COMPLAINT OF A CIVIL RIGHTS VIOLATION UNDER 42 U.S.C. § 1983. 18

(4) (2) “IDENTIFYING DIGITAL D ATA” MEANS DIGITAL 19
INFORMATION THAT CAN HELP CONFIRM THE IDE NTITY OF A FEDERAL A GENT 20
JUDICIAL OFFICER WHO IS THE SUBJECT O F A COMPLAINT OF FED ERAL AGENT 21
JUDICIAL OFFICER MISCONDUCT, INCLUDING: 22

(I) LICENSE PLATE DATA; 23

(II) CELL TOWER DATA; 24

(III) CELL PHONE DATA; 25

(IV) LOCATION DATA; 26

(V) IMAGE SEARCH RESULTS DATA; 27

HOUSE BILL 351 5

(VI) GPS DATA; 1

(VII) STINGRAY DATA; 2

(VIII) FACIAL RECOGNITION DATA; AND 3

(IX) ANY OTHER RECOVERABLE DATA THAT MAY HELP IDENTIFY 4
FEDERAL AGENTS. JUDICIAL OFFICERS. 5

(3) “JUDICIAL OFFICER” HAS THE MEANING STAT ED IN § 3–2701 OF 6
THE COURTS ARTICLE. 7

(4) “JUDICIAL OFFICER MISC ONDUCT” MEANS CAUSING OR 8
ALLOWING AN AGGRIEVED PARTY TO BE DEPRIVED OF A RIGHT, A PRIVILEGE, OR AN 9
IMMUNITY SECURED UNDER LAW. 10

(5) “LAW” HAS THE MEANING STATED IN § 3–2701 OF THE COURTS 11
ARTICLE. 12

(B) ON RECEIPT OF A COMPL AINT OF FEDERAL AGEN T JUDICIAL OFFICER 13
MISCONDUCT, THE OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, A STATE PROSECUTOR, 14
OR A STATE’S ATTORNEY MAY DIRECT T HE MARYLAND STATE POLICE 15
APPROPRIATE STATE OR LOCAL LAW EN FORCEMENT AGENCY TO GATHER AND 16
SECURELY RETAIN AS M UCH IDENTIFYING DIGITAL DATA AS POSSIBLE ABOUT THE 17
FEDERAL AGENT JUDICIAL OFFICER OR FEDERAL AGENTS WH O ARE WHO IS THE 18
SUBJECT OF THE FEDERAL AGENT JUDICIAL OFFICER MISCONDUCT COMPLAINT. 19

(C) A COMPLAINANT PLAINTIFF MAY OBTAIN ACCESS TO THE IDENTIFYING 20
DIGITAL DATA RELEVAN T TO THE COMPLAINANT ’S PLAINTIFF’S COMPLAINT ONLY 21
PURSUANT TO IN ACCORDANCE WITH A COURT ORDER ISSUED IN: AN ACTION UNDER 22
TITLE 3, SUBTITLE 27 OF THE COURTS ARTICLE. 23

(1) A 42 U.S.C. § 1983 CIVIL RIGHTS CASE; OR 24

(2) A CRIMINAL PROCEEDIN G INVOLVING THE SUBJ ECT OF THE 25
FEDERAL AGENT MISCONDUCT COMPLAINT. 26

SECTION 2. AND BE IT FURTHER ENACTED, That this Act shall take effect 27
October 1, 2026. 28

SECTION 2. AND BE IT FURTHER ENACTED, That, if any provision of this Act or 29
the application of any provision of this Act to any person or circumstance is held invalid for 30
any reason in a court of competent jurisdiction, the invalidity does not affect other 31
provisions or any other application of this Act that can be given effect without the invalid 32
6 HOUSE BILL 351

provision or application, and for this purpose the provisions of this Act are declared 1
severable. 2

SECTION 3. AND BE IT FURTHER ENACTED, That this Act shall take effect 3
October 1, 2026. 4

SECTION 3. AND BE IT FURTHER ENACTED, That this Act is an emergency 5
measure, is necessary for the immediate preservation of the public health or safety, has 6
been passed by a yea and nay vote supported by three –fifths of all the members elected to 7
each of the two Houses of the General Assembly, and shall take effect from the date it is 8
enacted. 9

Approved:
________________________________________________________________________________
Governor.
________________________________________________________________________________
Speaker of the House of Delegates.
________________________________________________________________________________
President of the Senate.