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SENATE BILL NO. 1003
A bill to amend 1994 PA 451, entitled
"Natural resources and environmental protection act,"
by amending sections 503, 2106, and 2165 (MCL 324.503, 324.2106,
and 324.2165), sections 503 and 2106 as amended by 2018 PA 240 and
section 2165 as amended by 2022 PA 2, and by adding section 502c.
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN ENACT:
Sec. 502c. (1) As used in this section: 1
May 21, 2026, Introduced by Senators SHINK, CHANG, GEISS and BAYER and referred to
Committee on Natural Resources and Agriculture.
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(a) "Biological diversity" means that term as defined in 1
section 35501. 2
(b) "Conservation" means that term as defined in section 3
35501. "Conserve" and "conserving" have corresponding meanings. 4
(c) "Ecosystem" means an assemblage of species, together with 5
the species' physical environment, considered as a unit. 6
(d) "Ecosystem services" means the benefits people derive from 7
ecosystems, including provision of goods such as food, wood, fiber, 8
and other raw materials and of services, such as crop pollination, 9
soil conservation, nutrient cycling, water purification, 10
recreation, and well-being. 11
(e) "Environmental justice community" means a community that 12
is disproportionately affected by environmental hazards and social 13
inequalities. 14
(f) "Habitat connectivity" means the ability of organisms and 15
natural processes to move between patches of habitat, both on land 16
and in water. Habitat connectivity may be process- or species-17
specific and may be natural or facilitated by humans. 18
(g) "Habitat corridor" means a clearly defined geographical 19
space that is under long-term management to maintain or restore 20
effective habitat connectivity. 21
(h) "Legacy plan" or "plan" means a plan required under 22
subsection (3). 23
(i) "Relevant legislative committees" means that term as 24
defined in section 503. 25
(j) "Sustainable use" means the use of components of 26
biological diversity in a way and at a rate that does not lead to 27
the long-term decline of biological diversity. 28
(k) "Water" does not include the Great Lakes or Lake St. 29
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Clair. 1
(2) The department shall coordinate state efforts to achieve 2
the voluntary conservation and habitat connectivity of 30% of this 3
state's total area of land and water by 2030. The land and water 4
conserved may include state, federal, and municipal lands and 5
waters, voluntarily conserved tribal land, and voluntarily 6
conserved private holdings. 7
(3) By December 31, 2026, the department shall develop 6 8
regional legacy plans to implement subsection (2). Each of the 9
following regions are the subject of a legacy plan: 10
(a) The southeast Lower Peninsula. 11
(b) The southwest Lower Peninsula. 12
(c) The northeast Lower Peninsula. 13
(d) The northwest Lower Peninsula. 14
(e) The eastern Upper Peninsula. 15
(f) The western Upper Peninsula. 16
(4) In developing the legacy plans, the department shall do 17
the following: 18
(a) Consider each legacy plan's contribution to the following: 19
(i) Biological diversity. 20
(ii) Endangered or threatened species or species of greatest 21
conservation need. 22
(iii) Natural communities, particularly sensitive and rare 23
ecological areas and ecosystems. 24
(iv) Climate resilience. 25
(v) Equitable access to public land. 26
(vi) Environmental justice communities. 27
(vii) Habitat connectivity. 28
(viii) Water quality. 29
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(ix) Other factors supporting the health and resilience of this 1
state's ecosystems, environment, wildlife, water resources, 2
including the Great Lakes and Lake St. Clair, and people. 3
(b) Solicit input from and coordinate planning activities with 4
the department of environment, Great Lakes, and energy and the 5
department of agriculture and rural development. 6
(c) Solicit input from the following: 7
(i) Federally recognized tribes, relevant state and federal 8
agencies, conservation districts, regional planning agencies, and 9
local governments. 10
(ii) Working land enterprises and private owners of working 11
land, natural land, and agricultural land. 12
(iii) Land conservancies. 13
(iv) Conservation, environmental, outdoor recreation, and 14
social justice organizations. 15
(v) Other interested parties. 16
(d) Post the proposed legacy plans on the department's 17
website. 18
(e) Solicit public comments on the proposed legacy plans and 19
conduct a public meeting on each proposed legacy plan in its 20
respective region. 21
(f) Submit the proposed legacy plans for review to the 22
relevant legislative committees. 23
(5) A legacy plan must meet the following requirements: 24
(a) Be based on the best available science regarding 25
conservation, protection, and sustainable use of land and 26
resources. 27
(b) Identify and provide for monitoring of areas where 28
restoration is planned, occurring, or completed, and of 29
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biologically diverse areas, with special attention to sensitive 1
areas and areas of urgent concern for biological diversity loss. 2
The department shall maintain, monitor, and utilize scientifically 3
appropriate data collection methods assessing the conservation and 4
protection of biologically diverse areas. 5
(c) Include an inventory and assessment of existing 6
conservation programs and best management practices and 7
recommendations for new or revised conservation programs and 8
practices. 9
(d) An assessment of existing funding and recommendations for 10
new funding sources for acquisition of land, staffing, and long-11
term stewardship. 12
(6) As technology and funding allow, the department shall 13
develop an online assessment and decision support tool to assess 14
land use and conservation alternatives in the development of legacy 15
plans. 16
(7) The department shall implement the most recent legacy 17
plans and not change the legacy plans except by a plan update 18
prepared every 10 years subject to subsection (4). However, the 19
department shall not implement a legacy plan if the senate and 20
house of representatives committees with primary responsibility for 21
conservation issues disapprove the legacy plan. 22
(8) The department shall do all of the following: 23
(a) Post the legacy plans on the department's website. 24
(b) In collaboration with the department of environment, Great 25
Lakes, and energy and the department of agriculture and rural 26
development, submit a report to the relevant legislative committees 27
every 2 years on progress in implementing the legacy plans. The 28
department shall post the report on the department's website. 29
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(c) Update the data under subsection (5)(c) to track progress 1
in complying with subsection (2). 2
Sec. 503. (1) The department shall protect and conserve the 3
natural resources of this state; provide and develop facilities for 4
outdoor recreation; prevent the destruction of timber and other 5
forest growth by fire or otherwise; promote the reforesting of 6
forestlands belonging to this state; prevent and guard against the 7
pollution of lakes and streams within this state and enforce all 8
laws provided for that purpose with all authority granted by law; 9
and foster and encourage biological diversity and the protection 10
and propagation of threatened and endangered species and game and 11
fish. Before issuing an order or promulgating a rule under this act 12
that will designate or classify land managed by the department for 13
any purpose, the department shall consider, in addition to any 14
other matters required by law, all of the following: 15
(a) Providing for access to and use of the public land for 16
recreation and tourism. 17
(b) The existence of or potential for natural resources-based 18
industries, including forest management, mining, or oil and gas 19
development on the public land. 20
(b) (c) The potential impact of the designation or 21
classification on private property in the immediate vicinity. 22
(2) The department has the power and jurisdiction over the 23
management, control, and disposition of all land under the public 24
domain, except for those lands land under the public domain that 25
are is managed by other state agencies to carry out their assigned 26
duties and responsibilities. On behalf of the people of this state, 27
the department may accept gifts and grants of land and other 28
property and may buy, sell, exchange, or condemn land and other 29
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property, for any of the purposes of this part. 1
(3) If any payment under subpart 13 or 14 of part 21 or 2
section 51106 for land located north of the Mason-Arenac line is 3
not made in full and on time during a fiscal year, then, until the 4
end of that fiscal year, the department shall not purchase surface 5
rights to land located north of the Mason-Arenac line unless 1 or 6
both of the following apply: 7
(a) Full payment was made later during that fiscal year. 8
(b) The specific acquisition is approved by resolution adopted 9
by the following, as applicable: 10
(i) If the land is located in a single township, the township 11
board. 12
(ii) If the land is located in 2 or more townships, the county 13
board of commissioners of the county where the land is located. 14
(4) For the purposes of subsections (3) and (9), respectively, 15
land in which the department acquires or owns surface rights does 16
not include any of the following: 17
(a) Land acquired under an option agreement in effect on the 18
date when the payment described in subsection (3) became due if the 19
acquisition takes place within 120 days after the payment became 20
due. 21
(b) Land in which the department has a conservation easement. 22
(c) Land that, before July 2, 2012, was platted under the land 23
division act, 1967 PA 288, MCL 560.101 to 560.293, or a predecessor 24
act and acquired by the department. 25
(d) Any of the following if acquired on or after July 2, 2012: 26
(i) Land with an area of not more than 80 acres, or a right-of-27
way, for accessing other land owned by the department or for 28
accessing the waters of the state as defined in section 3101. 29
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(ii) Land for a trail, subject to all of the following: 1
(A) If the traveled portion of the proposed trail is located 2
within an abandoned railroad right-of-way, the land excluded is 3
limited to the abandoned railroad right-of-way. 4
(B) If the traveled portion of the proposed trail is located 5
in a utility easement, the land excluded is limited to the utility 6
easement. 7
(C) If sub-subparagraphs (A) and (B) do not apply, the land 8
excluded is limited to the traveled portion of the proposed trail 9
and contiguous land. For the purposes of the exclusion, the area of 10
the contiguous land shall not exceed the product of 100 feet 11
multiplied by the length of the proposed trail in feet. 12
(iii) Land that, on July 2, 2012 was commercial forestland as 13
defined in section 51101 if the land continues to be used in a 14
manner consistent with part 511. 15
(iv) Land acquired by the department by gift, including the 16
gift of funds specifically dedicated to land acquisition. 17
(v) Land acquired by the department through litigation. 18
(5) The department shall maintain a record of land as 19
described in subsection (4)(a) to (d). The record shall include the 20
location, acreage, date of acquisition, and use of the land. 21
(3) (6) By Not later than October 1, 2014, and subject to 22
subsection (7), the department shall develop a written strategic 23
plan to guide the acquisition and disposition of state lands land 24
managed by the department, submit the plan to the relevant 25
legislative committees, and post the plan on the department's 26
website. In developing the plan, the department shall solicit input 27
from the public and local units of government. 28
(4) (7) The strategic plan shall must do all of the following: 29
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(a) Divide this state into 6 regions. 1
(b) Identify lands land managed by the department in each 2
region. 3
(c) Set forth for each region measurable strategic performance 4
goals with respect to all of the following for land managed by the 5
department: 6
(i) Maximizing availability of points of access to the land and 7
to bodies of water on or adjacent to the land. 8
(ii) Maximizing outdoor recreation opportunities. 9
(iii) Forests. 10
(iv) Wildlife and fisheries. 11
(v) The goals of section 502c. 12
(d) To assist in achieving the strategic performance goals set 13
forth in the strategic plan pursuant to subdivision (c), identify 14
all of the following: 15
(i) Land to be acquired. 16
(ii) Land to be disposed of. 17
(iii) Plans land for natural resource management. 18
(e) To the extent feasible, identify public lands in each 19
region that are not managed by the department but affect the 20
achievement of the goals set forth in the strategic plan pursuant 21
to subdivision (c). 22
(f) Identify ways that the department can better coordinate 23
the achievement of the goals set forth in the strategic plan 24
pursuant to subdivision (c), recognizing that public lands are 25
subject to multiple uses and both motorized and nonmotorized uses. 26
(e) (g) Identify critical trail connectors to enhance 27
motorized and nonmotorized natural-resource-dependent outdoor 28
recreation activities for public enjoyment. 29
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(5) (8) The legislature approves endorses the strategic plan 1
entitled "Michigan Department of Natural Resources Managed Public 2
Land Strategy 2021-2027" issued by the department. and dated July 3
1, 2013. The department shall implement the most recent 4
legislatively approved strategic plan and shall not change the 5
strategic plan except by a plan update proposed pursuant to under 6
subsection (10) and subsequently approved by the legislature.(7). 7
(6) (9) The Every 2 years, the department shall annually 8
submit to the relevant legislative committees and post and annually 9
update on the department's website an update of all of the 10
following: 11
(a) A report on the implementation of the strategic plan. 12
(b) The number of acres of land in which the department owns 13
surface rights north of the Mason-Arenac line, south of the Mason-14
Arenac line, in the 6 regions and in total for this state. 15
(c) Information on the total number of each of the following: 16
(i) Acres of land managed by the department. 17
(ii) Acres of state park and state recreation area land. 18
(iii) Acres of state game and state waterfowl wildlife areas. 19
(iv) Acres of land managed by the department and open for 20
public hunting. 21
(iv) (v) Acres of state-owned mineral rights managed by the 22
department that are under a development lease. 23
(v) (vi) Acres of state forestland. 24
(vi) (vii) Public boating access sites managed by the 25
department. 26
(vii) (viii) Miles of motorized trails managed by the department. 27
(viii) (ix) Miles of nonmotorized trails managed by the 28
department. 29
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(7) (10) For legislative consideration and approval, as 1
provided in subsection (8), by Not later than July 1, 2021, and 2
every 6 10 years thereafter, the department shall propose an update 3
to the strategic plan, submit the proposed updated strategic plan 4
to the relevant legislative committees, and post the proposed 5
updated strategic plan on the department's website. A strategic 6
plan that is updated after a legacy plan is approved by the 7
legislature under section 502c must be consistent with the most 8
recent legislatively approved legacy plan. At least Not less than 9
60 days before posting the proposed updated strategic plan, the 10
department shall prepare, submit to the relevant legislative 11
committees, and post on the department's website a report that 12
covers all of the following and includes department contact 13
information for persons who that wish to comment on the report: 14
(a) Progress toward the goals set forth in the strategic plan 15
pursuant to under subsection (7)(c).(4)(c). 16
(b) Any proposed changes to the goals, including the rationale 17
for the changes. 18
(c) The department's engagement and collaboration with local 19
units of government. 20
(11) Subject to subsection (12), if land owned by this state 21
and managed by the department, land owned by the federal 22
government, and land that is commercial forestland as defined in 23
section 51101 constitute 40% or more of the land in a county, the 24
department shall not acquire land in that county if, not more than 25
60 days after the department sent the notice of the proposed 26
acquisition to the board under section 2165, the department 27
receives a copy of a resolution rejecting the proposed acquisition 28
adopted by the following, as applicable: 29
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(a) If the land is located in a single township, the township 1
board. 2
(b) If the land is located in 2 or more townships, the county 3
board of commissioners. 4
(12) Subsection (11) does not apply to land described in 5
subsection (4)(d). 6
(8) (13) The department may accept funds, money, or grants for 7
development of salmon and steelhead trout fishing in this state 8
from the government of the United States, or any of its departments 9
or agencies, pursuant to in accordance with the anadromous fish 10
conservation act, 16 USC 757a to 757f, and may use this money in 11
accordance compliance with the terms and provisions of that act. 12
However, the acceptance and use of federal funds does not commit 13
state funds and does not place an obligation upon on the 14
legislature to continue the purposes for which the funds are made 15
available. 16
(9) (14) The department may appoint persons individuals to 17
serve as volunteers to assist the department in meeting its 18
responsibilities as provided in this part. Subject to the direction 19
of the department, a volunteer may use equipment and machinery 20
necessary for the volunteer service, including, but not limited to, 21
equipment and machinery to improve wildlife habitat on state game 22
areas. 23
(10) (15) The department may lease lands land owned or 24
controlled by the department or may grant concessions on lands land 25
owned or controlled by the department to any person for any purpose 26
that the department determines to be necessary to implement this 27
part. The department shall grant each concession for a term of not 28
more than 7 years based on extension, renegotiation, or competitive 29
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bidding. However, if the department determines that a concession 1
requires a capital investment in for which reasonable financing or 2
amortization necessitates a longer term, the department may grant a 3
concession for up to a 15-year term. A concession granted under 4
this subsection shall require, requires, unless the department 5
authorizes otherwise, that all buildings and equipment be removed 6
at the end of the concession's term. Any lease entered into under 7
this subsection shall must limit the purposes for which the leased 8
land is to be used and shall authorize the department to terminate 9
the lease upon a finding if the department finds that the land is 10
being used for purposes other than those permitted in the lease. 11
Unless otherwise provided by law, money received from a lease or a 12
concession of tax reverted land shall must be credited to the fund 13
providing financial support for the management of the leased land. 14
Money received from a lease of any other land shall must be 15
credited to the fund from which the land was purchased. However, 16
money received from program-related leases on these lands shall 17
must be credited to the fund providing financial support for the 18
management of the leased lands. For land managed by the forest 19
management division of the department, that fund is either the 20
forest development fund established pursuant to in section 50507 or 21
the forest recreation account of the Michigan conservation and 22
recreation legacy fund provided for in section 2005. For land 23
managed by the wildlife or fisheries division of the department, 24
that fund is the game and fish protection account of the Michigan 25
conservation and recreation legacy fund provided for in section 26
2010. 27
(11) (16) When the department sells land, the deed may reserve 28
all mineral, coal, oil, and gas rights to this state only if the 29
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land is in production or is leased or permitted for production, or 1
if the department determines that the land has unusual or sensitive 2
environmental features or that it is in the best interest of this 3
state to reserve those rights as determined by commission policy. 4
However, the department shall not reserve the rights to sand, 5
gravel, clay, or other nonmetallic minerals. When the department 6
sells land that contains subsurface rights, the department shall 7
include a deed restriction that restricts the subsurface rights 8
from being severed from the surface rights in the future. If the 9
landowner severs the subsurface rights from the surface rights, the 10
subsurface rights revert to this state. The deed may reserve to 11
this state the right of ingress and egress over and across land 12
along watercourses and streams. Whenever an exchange of land is 13
made with the United States government, a corporation, or an 14
individual for the purpose of consolidating the state forest 15
reserves, the department may issue deeds without reserving to this 16
state the mineral, coal, oil, and gas rights and the rights of 17
ingress and egress. The department may sell the limestone, sand, 18
gravel, or other nonmetallic minerals. However, the department 19
shall not sell a mineral or nonmetallic mineral right if the sale 20
would violate part 353, part 637, or any other provision of law. 21
The department may sell all reserved mineral, coal, oil, and gas 22
rights to such lands land upon terms and conditions as the 23
department considers proper and may sell oil and gas rights as 24
provided in part 610. The owner of those lands the land as shown by 25
the records shall be given priority in case the department 26
authorizes any sale of those lands, the land, and, unless the 27
landowner waives that priority, the department shall not sell such 28
rights to any other person. For the purpose of this section, 29
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mineral rights do not include rights to sand, gravel, clay, or 1
other nonmetallic minerals. 2
(12) (17) The department may enter into contracts for the sale 3
of the economic share of royalty interests it the department holds 4
in hydrocarbons produced from devonian or antrim shale qualifying 5
for the nonconventional source production credit determined under 6
section 45k of the internal revenue code of 1986, 26 USC 45k. 7
However, in entering into these contracts, the department shall 8
ensure that revenues to the natural resources trust fund under 9
these contracts are not less than the revenues the natural 10
resources trust fund would have received if the contracts were not 11
entered into. The sale of the economic share of royalty interests 12
under this subsection may occur under contractual terms and 13
conditions considered appropriate by the department and as approved 14
by the state administrative board. Funds The department shall 15
transmit funds received from the sale of the economic share of 16
royalty interests under this subsection shall be transmitted to the 17
state treasurer for deposit in the state treasury as follows: 18
(a) Net proceeds allocable to the nonconventional source 19
production credit determined under section 45k of the internal 20
revenue code of 1986, 26 USC 45k, under this subsection shall must 21
be credited to the environmental protection fund created in section 22
503a. 23
(b) Proceeds related to the production of oil or gas from 24
devonian or antrim shale shall must be credited to the natural 25
resources trust fund or other applicable fund as provided by law. 26
(13) (18) As used in this section: 27
(a) "Concession" means an agreement between the department and 28
a person under terms and conditions as specified by the department 29
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to provide services or recreational opportunities for public use. 1
(b) "Lease" means a conveyance by the department to a person 2
of a portion of this state's interest in land under specific terms 3
and for valuable consideration, thereby granting to the lessee the 4
possession of that portion conveyed during the period stipulated. 5
(c) "Mason-Arenac line" means the line formed by the north 6
boundaries of Mason, Lake, Osceola, Clare, Gladwin, and Arenac 7
Counties. 8
(c) (d) "Natural resources trust fund" means the Michigan 9
natural resources trust fund established in section 35 of article 10
IX of the state constitution of 1963 and provided for in section 11
1902. 12
(d) (e) "Net proceeds" means the total receipts received from 13
the sale of royalty interests under subsection (17) (12) less costs 14
related to the sale. Costs may include, but are not limited to, 15
legal, financial advisory, geological or reserve studies, and 16
accounting services. 17
(e) (f) "Relevant legislative committees" means the senate and 18
house of representatives committees with primary responsibility for 19
natural resources and outdoor recreation and the corresponding 20
appropriation subcommittees. 21
(f) (g) "Strategic plan" or "plan" means the plan developed 22
under subsection (6), (3), as updated under subsection (10), (7), 23
if applicable. 24
Sec. 2106. (1) The department shall maintain on its the 25
department's website and make available in writing to persons 26
seeking to purchase land from, sell land to, or exchange land with 27
the department under this part information about relevant 28
requirements and procedures under this part. and section 503(11) 29
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and (12). 1
(2) If it is in the interests of this state to exchange any of 2
the lands land described in section 2104 for lands land of an equal 3
area or of approximately equal value belonging to private 4
individuals, the department shall maintain a description of the 5
lands land to be conveyed and a description of the lands land 6
belonging to individuals to be deeded to this state. 7
(3) Before any of the lands are land is deeded to an 8
individual as provided in this subpart, the person or persons 9
owning any lands land to be deeded to this state shall execute a 10
conveyance of those lands the land to this state. The department 11
shall accept delivery of the deed. The attorney general shall 12
examine the title to the lands land deeded to this state and 13
certify to the department whether or not the conveyance is 14
sufficient to vest in this state a good and sufficient title to the 15
land free from any liens or encumbrances. If the attorney general 16
certifies that the deed vests in this state a good and sufficient 17
title to the deeded lands land free from any liens or encumbrances, 18
the department shall within 30 days execute a deed to the 19
individual of the lands land to be conveyed by this state. 20
Sec. 2165. (1) At least 30 days before acquiring, or making a 21
decision to dispose of, lease, or develop , lands land that are is 22
more than 80 acres in size, the department shall do all of the 23
following: 24
(a) Provide notice in writing to the legislative bodies of the 25
local units of government where the land is located. 26
(b) Post the notice on its the department's website. 27
(c) Publish the notice in a newspaper of general circulation 28
in the county where the land is located. 29
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(2) The notice under subsection (1) shall must contain all of 1
the following information: 2
(a) The acreage, the location by address or by distance and 3
direction from specified roads or highways, and the legal 4
description of the land. 5
(b) The proposed timing of the land transaction. 6
(c) The proposed use for the land. 7
(d) The opportunity for the legislative body of a local unit 8
of government where the land is located, or 5 or more residents of 9
or owners of land in the county where the land is located, to 10
request a general public meeting on the proposed transaction and 11
the date by which the request must be received by the department 12
under subsection (3). 13
(e) A website address where additional information on the 14
proposed transaction can be found. 15
(f) For persons who wish any person that wishes to comment on 16
or ask questions about the proposed transaction, the name, 17
telephone number, electronic mail address, and postal mailing 18
address of a department contact person. 19
(g) For the website notice, the following additional 20
information: 21
(i) For the acquisition, lease from another person, or 22
development of land, the fund source that will be used. 23
(ii) For the acquisition of land, the estimated annual payments 24
in lieu of taxes. 25
(iii) The effect the proposal is expected to have on achieving 26
the strategic performance goals set forth in the strategic plan 27
pursuant to section 503(7).503(4). 28
(3) If the legislative body of a local unit of government 29
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where the land is located or 5 or more residents of or owners of 1
land in the county where the land is located request a general 2
public meeting and the department receives the necessary request or 3
requests within not later than 15 days after providing notice under 4
subsection (1), the department shall meet with the general public 5
in the county where the land is located to discuss the proposed 6
disposition, acquisition, lease, or development. The department 7
shall send a representative to the meeting who is familiar with the 8
proposal. 9
(4) The department shall provide notice of a meeting under 10
subsection (3) by all of the following means: 11
(a) Written notice to the legislative body of each local unit 12
of government where the land is located. 13
(b) Written notice to each resident or owner of land that 14
requested the meeting under subsection (3). 15
(c) Posting of the notice on the department's website. 16
(5) The department shall provide an opportunity for 17
representatives of all local units of government where the land is 18
located to meet in person with a department representative who is 19
familiar with the proposed disposition, acquisition, lease, or 20
development to discuss the proposal. 21
(6) Subsections (1) to (5) do not apply to either of the 22
following: 23
(a) A lease with a term of 10 years or less. 24
(b) A lease limited to exploration for and production of oil 25
and gas. 26
(7) As used in this section: 27
(a) "Development" means development that would significantly 28
change or impact the current use of the land subject to 29
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RMH S00746'25_SB1003_INTR_1 0bzg4w
development. "Developing" has a corresponding meaning. The removal 1
of a berm, gate, or other human-made barrier under section 504 is 2
not development. 3
(b) "Newspaper" means that term as defined in section 1461 of 4
the revised judicature act of 1961, 1961 PA 236, MCL 600.1461. 5