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As Introduced
136th
General Assembly
Regular
Session
S. B. No. 10
2025-2026
Senators Wilson, Lang
A
BILL
To
enact sections 1357.01, 1357.011, 1357.02, 1357.03, 1357.04, 1357.05,
1357.06, 1357.07, and 1357.08 and to repeal section 1349.55 of the
Revised Code
to
revise and supplement state regulations concerning non-recourse
litigation funding agreements.
BE
IT ENACTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE STATE OF OHIO:
Section
1.
That
sections 1357.01, 1357.011, 1357.02, 1357.03, 1357.04, 1357.05,
1357.06, 1357.07, and 1357.08 of the Revised Code be enacted to read
as follows:
Sec.
1357.01.
As
used in this chapter:
(A)(1)
"Advertise" means directly or indirectly publishing,
disseminating, circulating, or placing before the public any written,
oral, electronic, or printed communication for the purpose of
inducing a consumer to enter into a consumer litigation funding
agreement.
(2)
For the purposes of division (A)(1) of this section, "written,
oral, electronic, or printed communication" includes
communication by means of recorded telephone messages and
transmission or broadcast on radio, television, the internet, or
other similar media of audio recordings, film strips, motion
pictures, or videos.
(B)(1)
"Charges" means the amount of money to be paid to the
consumer litigation funding company by or on behalf of a consumer in
excess of the funded amount.
(2)
"Charges" include interest and all administrative,
origination, underwriting, and other fees, no matter how denominated.
(C)(1)
"Commercial litigation financier" means a person engaged in
the business of entering into commercial litigation financing
agreements with claimants or with lawyers or law firms asserting
legal claims on behalf of claimants.
(2)
"Commercial litigation financier" does not include a
nonprofit organization determined by the internal revenue service to
be tax exempt pursuant to section 501(c)(3) of the "Internal
Revenue Code of 1986," 26 U.S.C. 1, or a person that funds such
a nonprofit organization, if the nonprofit organization represents
the claimant on a pro bono basis. Seeking or accepting a settlement
or judgment that includes costs or attorney's fees does not, in
itself, make a nonprofit organization or an attorney contracted by a
nonprofit organization a "commercial litigation financier."
(D)(1)
"Commercial litigation financing agreement" means, with
respect to any civil action or group of civil actions, a written
agreement that meets all of the following:
(a)
A third party agrees to provide funds to a named party or a law firm
that represents a named party in the civil action or group of civil
actions.
(b)
The agreement creates a direct or collateralized interest in the
proceeds of a civil action or group of civil actions, by settlement,
verdict, judgment, or otherwise.
(c)
The interest created by the agreement is based, in whole or part, on
a funding obligation incurred in connection with the action or group
of actions, the appearing counsel, any contractual co-counsel, or the
law firm of the counsel or co-counsel, executed with any of the
following:
(i)
Any attorney representing a party;
(ii)
Any co-counsel in the civil action or group of actions with a
contingent fee interest in representing a named party;
(iii)
Any third-party who has a collateral-based interest in the
contingency fees of the counsel or co-counsel, or the law firm of the
counsel or co-counsel, related in whole or part to the fees derived
from representing that party.
(2)
"Commercial litigation financing agreement" includes a
contract, such as an option, forward contract, futures contract,
short position, swap, or similar agreement, that is substantially
similar to an agreement described in division (D)(1) of this section.
(3)
"Commercial litigation financing agreement" does not
include any of the following:
(a)
A consumer litigation funding agreement;
(b)
An agreement by an attorney or law firm to provide legal services on
a contingency fee basis to the claimant or to advance the claimant's
legal costs in accordance with the rules of professional conduct
adopted by the supreme court;
(c)
A health insurer, medical provider, or assignee that has paid, is
obligated to pay, or is owed sums for a claimant's health care under
the terms of a health insurance plan or agreement;
(d)
A financial institution providing loans to the claimant or the
claimant's attorney or law firm, the repayment of which is not
contingent upon the outcome of the legal claim or on the outcome of
any matter within a portfolio that includes the legal claim and
involves the same attorney or law firm or affiliated attorney or law
firm;
(e)
A person with a preexisting contractual obligation to indemnify or
defend a party to a legal claim.
(E)
"Consumer" means a natural person or estate for a decedent
with a legal claim.
(F)(1)
"Consumer litigation funding agreement" means a nonrecourse
agreement in which a consumer litigation funding company purchases,
and a consumer assigns to the company, a contingent right to receive
an amount of the potential proceeds of any settlement, judgment,
award, or verdict obtained in the consumer's legal claim.
(2)
"Consumer litigation funding agreement" does not include
any agreement involving a cash payment by the consumer litigation
funding company of four hundred thousand dollars or more.
(G)(1)
"Consumer litigation funding company" means a person or
entity that enters into a consumer litigation funding agreement with
a consumer.
(2)
"Consumer litigation funding company" does not include any
of the following:
(a)
An immediate family member of the consumer;
(b)
A bank, lender, financing entity, or other special purpose entity
that provides financing to a consumer litigation funding company and
to which a consumer litigation funding company grants a security
interest or transfers any rights or interest in a consumer litigation
funding;
(c)
An attorney or accountant who provides services to a consumer.
(H)
"Funded amount" means the amount of money provided to, or
on behalf of, the consumer in a consumer litigation funding
agreement. "Funded amount" excludes charges.
(I)
"Funding date" means the date on which the funded amount is
transferred to the consumer by the consumer litigation funding
company by personal delivery; via wire, automated clearing house, or
other electronic means; or by certified or registered mail.
(J)
"Immediate family member" means a spouse; sibling; child,
including adopted children and stepchildren; parent; grandparent; or
grandchild.
(K)
"Legal claim" means a civil claim or cause of action.
(L)
"Resolution date" means the date the funded amount, plus
the agreed upon charges, are delivered to the consumer litigation
funding company by the consumer, the consumer's attorney, or
otherwise.
Sec.
1357.011.
The
general assembly, in enacting sections 1357.01 to 1357.08 of the
Revised Code pursuant to this act, hereby declares its intent to
adopt regulations concerning a narrow range of consumer and
commercial litigation financing agreements as contemplated in the
holding of the Ohio Supreme Court in
Rancman
v. Interim Settlement Funding Corp.
,
99 Ohio St.3d 121 (2003). The general assembly intends to preserve
and reinforce the general public policy expressed in that holding
against champerty and maintenance.
Sec.
1357.02.
(A)
A consumer litigation funding company shall not enter into, or seek
to enter into, a consumer litigation funding agreement unless all of
the following apply:
(1)
The agreement is written in a clear and coherent manner using common
language that enables the average consumer who makes a reasonable
effort under ordinary circumstances to read and understand the terms
of the agreement without having to obtain the assistance of an
attorney or other professional.
(2)
The agreement is completely filled-in when presented to the consumer
for signature.
(3)
The agreement includes space on each page for the consumer's
initials.
(4)
The front page of the agreement includes all of the following
disclosures under appropriate headings and in at least twelve-point
bold type:
(a)
The funded amount to be paid to the consumer under the agreement;
(b)
An itemized list of all one-time and recurring charges under the
agreement, subject to section 1357.03 of the Revised Code, and an
explanation for how those charges accrue;
(c)
The maximum amount that may be assigned by the consumer to the
company under the agreement, including the funded amount and all
charges, but excluding penalties that may apply in the case of a
material breach, fraud, or misrepresentation by or on behalf of the
consumer;
(d)
If the consumer seeks to enter into more than one consumer litigation
funding agreement with the same company, the cumulative amount that
may be assigned to the company under all such agreements, including
the funded amount and all charges, but excluding penalties that may
apply in the case of a material breach, fraud, or misrepresentation
by or on behalf of the consumer.
(5)
The agreement allows the consumer to cancel the agreement, without
penalty or further obligation, by returning the full amount of
disbursed funds to the company within ten business days after the
funding date. The consumer may do either of the following to
effectuate the cancellation:
(a)
Deliver the company's uncashed check to the company's offices in
person, within ten business days after the disbursement of funds;
(b)
Mail a notice of cancellation and include in that mailing a return of
the full amount of disbursed funds in the form of the company's
uncashed check, or a registered or certified check or money order, by
insured, registered, or certified United States mail, postmarked
within ten business days after receiving funds from the company, at
the address specified in the agreement for cancellation.
(6)
The body of the agreement includes all of the following statements in
at least twelve-point boldface type:
(a)
"CONSUMER'S RIGHT TO CANCELLATION: YOU MAY CANCEL THIS AGREEMENT
WITHOUT PENALTY OR FURTHER OBLIGATION WITHIN TEN BUSINESS DAYS AFTER
THE FUNDING DATE IF YOU RETURN THE FULL AMOUNT OF THE DISBURSED FUNDS
TO [insert name of company]."
(b)
"THE COMPANY HAS NO ROLE IN DECIDING WHETHER, WHEN, AND HOW MUCH
THE LEGAL CLAIM IS SETTLED FOR, HOWEVER, YOU OR YOUR ATTORNEY MUST
NOTIFY THE COMPANY OF THE OUTCOME OF THE LEGAL CLAIM BY SETTLEMENT OR
ADJUDICATION ON OR BEFORE THE RESOLUTION DATE. THE COMPANY MAY SEEK
UPDATED INFORMATION ABOUT THE STATUS OF THE LEGAL CLAIM BUT IN NO
EVENT SHALL THE COMPANY ATTEMPT TO INTERFERE WITH, CONTROL, OR
INFLUENCE THE INDEPENDENT PROFESSIONAL JUDGMENT OF YOUR ATTORNEY IN
THE HANDLING OF THE LEGAL CLAIM OR ANY SETTLEMENT THEREOF."
(c)
"THE FUNDED AMOUNT AND AGREED UPON CHARGES SHALL BE PAID ONLY
FROM THE PROCEEDS OF YOUR LEGAL CLAIM, AND SHALL BE PAID ONLY TO THE
EXTENT THAT THERE ARE AVAILABLE PROCEEDS FROM YOUR LEGAL CLAIM. YOU
WILL NOT OWE [insert name of company] ANYTHING IF THERE ARE NO
PROCEEDS FROM YOUR LEGAL CLAIM, UNLESS YOU HAVE VIOLATED ANY MATERIAL
TERM OF THIS AGREEMENT OR YOU HAVE COMMITTED FRAUD AGAINST [insert
name of company]."
(d)
Immediately above the place on the agreement where the consumer's
signature is required: "DO NOT SIGN THIS AGREEMENT BEFORE YOU
READ IT COMPLETELY. DO NOT SIGN THIS AGREEMENT IF IT CONTAINS ANY
BLANK SPACES. YOU ARE ENTITLED TO A COMPLETELY FILLED-IN COPY OF THIS
AGREEMENT BEFORE YOU SIGN IT. BEFORE YOU SIGN THIS AGREEMENT, YOU
SHOULD OBTAIN THE ADVICE OF AN ATTORNEY. DEPENDING ON THE
CIRCUMSTANCES, YOU MAY WANT TO CONSULT A TAX, PUBLIC OR PRIVATE
BENEFIT PLANNING, OR FINANCIAL PROFESSIONAL. YOU ACKNOWLEDGE THAT
YOUR ATTORNEY IN THE LEGAL CLAIM HAS PROVIDED NO TAX, PUBLIC OR
PRIVATE BENEFIT PLANNING, OR FINANCIAL ADVICE REGARDING THIS
TRANSACTION. YOU FURTHER ACKNOWLEDGE THAT YOUR ATTORNEY HAS EXPLAINED
THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THIS AGREEMENT."
(7)
The agreement contains a written acknowledgement by the attorney
retained by the consumer in the legal claim that attests to all of
the following:
(a)
The attorney has reviewed the agreement and all disclosures required
by this section with the consumer.
(b)
The attorney is being paid on a contingency basis pursuant to a
written fee agreement.
(c)
All proceeds of the legal claim will be disbursed via the trust
account of the attorney or a settlement fund established to receive
the proceeds of the legal claim on behalf of the consumer.
(d)
The attorney agrees to disburse funds from the legal claim and take
any other steps necessary to ensure that the terms of the consumer
litigation funding agreement are fulfilled.
(e)
The attorney has not received a referral fee or other consideration
from the consumer litigation funding company in connection with the
consumer litigation funding, nor will the attorney receive such a fee
or other consideration in the future.
(f)
The attorney has provided no tax, public or private benefit planning,
or financial advice regarding this transaction.
(B)(1)
A violation of this section or section 1357.03 of the Revised Code by
a consumer litigation funding company constitutes an unfair or
deceptive act or practice in violation of section 1345.02 of the
Revised Code.
(2)
A consumer injured by such a violation has a cause of action and is
entitled to the same relief available to a consumer under section
1345.09 of the Revised Code.
(3)
All powers and remedies available to the attorney general to enforce
sections 1345.01 to 1345.13 of the Revised Code are available to the
attorney general to enforce this section.
(C)
In addition to remedies set forth in division (B) of this section,
any violation of this section, including omission of the attorney
acknowledgement required by division (A)(7) of this section, renders
the consumer litigation funding agreement unenforceable by the
company, the consumer, or any successor in interest to the agreement.
A consumer terminating the attorney who made the acknowledgment
required by division (A)(7) of this section or retaining a new
attorney with respect to the legal claim does not, in itself, render
the agreement unenforceable under this division.
Sec.
1357.03.
A
consumer litigation funding company shall not do any of the
following:
(A)
Pay or offer to pay a commission, referral fee, or other form of
consideration to any attorney, law firm, health care provider,
chiropractor, or physical therapist, or to any employee or agent of
the foregoing, for referring a consumer to the company;
(B)
Accept any commission, referral fee, rebate, or other form of
consideration from an attorney, law firm, health care provider,
chiropractor, or physical therapist, or from any employee or agent of
the foregoing;
(C)
Purposefully advertise false or misleading information regarding the
company's products or services;
(D)
Refer a consumer or potential consumer to a specific attorney, law
firm, medical provider, chiropractor, or physical therapist, or to
any employee or agent of the foregoing, except that, if a consumer
does not have legal representation, the company may refer the
consumer to a state or local lawyer referral service operated by a
bar association or nonprofit organization, or a legal aid society, as
defined in section 120.51 of the Revised Code;
(E)
Fail to promptly supply copies of all complete consumer litigation
funding agreements to the consumer and the attorney representing the
consumer in the legal claim;
(F)
Knowingly enter into a consumer litigation funding agreement with a
consumer for a legal claim respecting which the consumer previously
sold or assigned all or part of the consumer's right to the proceeds,
unless the company or the consumer extinguishes the prior agreement
by either repaying the entire disbursed amount plus any contracted
fees, or paying a lesser amount expressly agreed to, in writing, by
the consumer and all other parties to the prior agreement. More than
one company may agree, contemporaneously, to enter into a consumer
litigation funding agreement with the same consumer for the same
claim so long as the companies, the consumer, and the consumer's
attorney consent to the agreements in writing.
(G)
Make or influence any decision with respect to the conduct of the
consumer's legal claim or the settlement or resolution of that legal
claim, including appointing or changing counsel, choice or use of
expert witnesses, litigation strategy, and settlement or other
resolution of the claim;
(H)
Attempt to obtain a waiver of any remedy, including compensatory,
statutory, or punitive damages, to which the consumer might otherwise
be entitled;
(I)
Knowingly pay or offer to pay for court costs, filing fees, or
attorney's fees before, during, or after the resolution of the legal
claim;
(J)(1)
Charge or collect from a consumer either of the following in
connection with a consumer litigation funding agreement:
(a)
A prepayment penalty or fee;
(b)
Charges in excess of ten per cent of the funded amount per year.
(2)
Charges in excess of the amount specified in division (J)(1)(b) of
this section and prepayment penalties prohibited by division
(J)(1)(a) of this section are unenforceable.
(K)
Enter into a consumer litigation finance agreement if an attorney or
a law firm retained by the consumer for the legal claim on which the
agreement is based has a financial or ownership interest in the
company.
Sec.
1357.04.
(A)
An attorney retained by a consumer in a legal claim shall not
disclose confidential or privileged information to a consumer
litigation funding company without first obtaining written consent
from the consumer and without first ensuring that the disclosure is
not prohibited by court rules, a court order, or the rules of
professional conduct adopted by the supreme court.
(B)(1)
Within thirty days after receiving a written request from any party
to the legal claim or an insurer that has a duty to defend any party
to the legal claim, the consumer shall disclose to that party or
insurer whether the consumer has entered into a consumer litigation
funding agreement.
(2)
If a consumer enters into a consumer litigation funding agreement
pertaining to the action in question after responding to a request
under division (B)(1) of this section in the negative, the consumer
shall disclose that fact to the requesting party or insurer within
thirty days after the consumer enters into the agreement.
(C)
Consumer litigation funding agreements, and all parties to such
agreements, are presumed to be subject to discovery in any civil
proceeding, notwithstanding any contrary provision of the agreement.
(D)
Consumer litigation funding agreements disclosed under divisions (A)
and (B) of this section and consumer litigation funding agreements
discovered pursuant to division (C) of this section are presumed to
be inadmissible as evidence in a civil proceeding.
(E)
Communications between a consumer's attorney and a consumer
litigation funding company to allow the company to ascertain the
status or expected value of a legal claim are not subject to
discovery in any civil proceeding.
Sec.
1357.05.
A
consumer litigation funding agreement places a lien on the proceeds
of the consumer's legal claim that supersedes all subsequently
perfected liens on such proceeds other than liens directly related to
the legal claim and expressly authorized by state or federal law,
such as a lien for attorneys fees, a lien by the department of
medicaid under section 5160.37 of the Revised Code, a medicare lien
under 42 U.S.C. 1395y, or a workers' compensation lien under section
4123.931 of the Revised Code.
Sec.
1357.06.
(A)
No consumer litigation funding company shall enter into a consumer
litigation financing agreement with a person or entity that is not
domiciled in the United States or respecting a legal claim that is
financed, directly or indirectly, by a person or entity not domiciled
in the United States.
(B)
No commercial litigation financier shall enter into a commercial
litigation financing agreement with a person or entity that is not
domiciled in the United States or respecting a legal claim that is
financed, directly or indirectly, by a person or entity not domiciled
in the United States.
(C)
The general assembly declares its intent in enacting this section is
to achieve the legitimate state interest of protecting due process
rights for all litigants in the courts of this state by addressing
the grave risk posed by foreign actors that seek to interfere with
those courts by supporting meritless cases, overwhelming dockets, and
profiting from litigation.
Sec.
1357.07.
(A)
No claimant, attorney or law firm representing a claimant, or
affiliated attorney or law firm shall disclose or share any documents
or information with a commercial litigation financier that are
subject to a protective or sealing order from a court.
(B)
A commercial litigation financier shall not make any decision, have
any influence, or direct any decisions with respect to the course of
a legal claim, including decisions in appointing or changing counsel,
choice or use of expert witnesses, litigation strategy, and
settlement or other resolution.
(C)
A claimant or the claimant's attorney shall, without awaiting a
discovery request, provide any commercial litigation financing
agreement at the time a legal claim is asserted or commenced and any
time thereafter that a commercial litigation financing agreement is
executed or amended, to both of the following:
(1)
All named parties to the legal claim;
(2)
All insurers that have or may have a potential duty to defend or
indemnify a named party to the legal claim.
Sec.
1357.08.
The
attorney general may file a complaint seeking any equitable remedy,
including barring a commercial litigation financier from doing
business in Ohio, if the commercial litigation financier is found by
a court of competent jurisdiction to have violated this chapter.
Section
2.
That
section 1349.55 of the Revised Code is hereby repealed.