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HB160 • 2026

FOIA; officers, employees, or members of a public body, alleged willful and knowing violations.

<p class=ldtitle>A BILL to amend and reenact §§ 2.2-3714 and 2.2-3715 of the Code of Virginia, relating to Virginia Freedom of Information Act; officers, employees, or members of a public body; alleged willful and knowing violations; mitigating factors to be considered.</p>

Labor
Enacted

This bill passed the Legislature and reached final enactment based on the latest official action.

Sponsor
Simon
Last action
2026-01-22
Official status
Continued
Effective date
Not listed

Plain English Breakdown

The bill summary does not provide specific details about how much money will be collected from fines or the exact impact of these changes on government transparency.

Virginia Freedom of Information Act Changes

This bill modifies how civil penalties are applied to public officials who violate Virginia's Freedom of Information Act, requiring courts to consider specific mitigating factors.

What This Bill Does

  • Modifies the rules for imposing civil penalties on officers, employees, or members of a public body when they allegedly willfully and knowingly violate the Virginia Freedom of Information Act in their individual capacity.
  • Requires courts to take into account certain mitigating factors, such as good faith reliance on opinions from the Attorney General, court cases supporting actions taken by officials, advisory opinions from the Virginia Freedom of Information Advisory Council, and legal advice from counsel for the public body.

Who It Names or Affects

  • Officers, employees, or members of a public body who are accused of violating the Virginia Freedom of Information Act.
  • Courts that handle cases involving violations of this act.

Terms To Know

Virginia Freedom of Information Act
A law ensuring government information is accessible to the public.
Civil penalties
Fines imposed by a court for breaking certain laws or rules.

Limits and Unknowns

  • The bill does not specify how much money will be collected from fines.
  • It is unclear if this change will result in fewer fines being imposed on public officials.

Bill History

  1. 2026-01-22 General Laws

    Continued to 2027 in General Laws (Voice Vote)

  2. 2026-01-20 Procurement/Open Government

    Subcommittee recommends continuing to 2027 (Voice Vote)

  3. 2026-01-19 Procurement/Open Government

    Assigned HGL sub: Procurement/Open Government

  4. 2026-01-06 House

    Prefiled and ordered printed; Offered 01-14-2026 26100416D

  5. 2026-01-06 General Laws

    Referred to Committee on General Laws

Official Summary Text

Virginia
Freedom of Information Act; officers, employees, or members of a public body; alleged willful and knowing violations; mitigating factors to be considered.
Specifies that civil penalties may only be imposed on officers, employees, or members of a public body in actions brought against them in their individual capacity for certain violations of the Virginia Freedom of Information Act. The bill further requires a court, when determining whether an officer, an employee, or a member of a public body has committed certain violations of the Virginia Freedom of Information Act willfully and knowingly, to consider certain mitigating factors, including good faith reliance on (i) opinions of the Attorney General; (ii) court cases substantially supporting such officer's, employee's, or member's actions; (iii) advisory opinions of the Virginia Freedom of Information Advisory Council; and (iv) advice of counsel for the public body, as evidence that such officer, employee, or member did not willfully and knowingly commit such violation. Current law provides any officer, employee, or member of a public body the right to introduce at any proceeding regarding such willful and knowing violation a copy of a relevant advisory opinion issued by the Virginia Freedom of Information Advisory Council. This bill is a recommendation of the Boyd-Graves Conference.

Current Bill Text

Read the full stored bill text
A BILL to amend and reenact §§
2.2-3714
and
2.2-3715
of the Code of Virginia, relating to Virginia Freedom of Information Act; officers, employees, or members of a public body; alleged willful and knowing violations; mitigating factors to be considered.

Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Virginia:

1. That §§
2.2-3714
and
2.2-3715
of the Code of Virginia are amended and reenacted as follows:

§
2.2-3714
. Violations and penalties.

A. In a proceeding commenced against any officer, employee, or member of a public body
in his individual capacity
under §
2.2-3713
for a violation of §
2.2-3704
,
2.2-3705.1
through
2.2-3705.7
,
2.2-3706
,
2.2-3706.1
,
2.2-3707
,
2.2-3708.2
,
2.2-3708.3
,
2.2-3710
,
2.2-3711
, or
2.2-3712
, the court, if it finds that a violation was willfully and knowingly made, shall impose upon such officer, employee, or member in his individual capacity, whether a writ of mandamus or injunctive relief is awarded or not, a civil penalty of not less than $500 nor more than $2,000, which amount shall be paid into the Literary Fund. For a second or subsequent violation, such civil penalty shall be not less than $2,000 nor more than $5,000.

B. In addition to any penalties imposed pursuant to subsection A, if the court finds that any officer, employee, or member of a public body failed to provide public records to a requester in accordance with the provisions of this chapter because such officer, employee, or member altered or destroyed the requested public records with the intent to avoid the provisions of this chapter with respect to such request prior to the expiration of the applicable record retention period set by the retention regulations promulgated pursuant to the Virginia Public Records Act (§
42.1-76
et seq.) by the State Library Board, the court may impose upon such officer, employee, or member in his individual capacity, whether or not a writ of mandamus or injunctive relief is awarded, a civil penalty of up to $100 per record altered or destroyed, which amount shall be paid into the Literary Fund.

C. In addition to any penalties imposed pursuant to subsections A and B, if the court finds that a public body voted to certify a closed meeting in accordance with subsection D of §
2.2-3712
and such certification was not in accordance with the requirements of clause (i) or (ii) of subsection D of §
2.2-3712
, the court may impose on the public body, whether or not a writ of mandamus or injunctive relief is awarded, a civil penalty of up to $1,000, which amount shall be paid into the Literary Fund. In determining whether a civil penalty is appropriate, the court shall consider mitigating factors, including reliance of members of the public body on (i) opinions of the Attorney General, (ii) court cases substantially supporting the rationale of the public body,
and
(iii) published opinions of the Virginia Freedom of Information Advisory Council
, and (iv) advice of counsel for the public body
.

§
2.2-3715
. Effect of good faith reliance upon advisory opinions from the Freedom of Information Advisory Council and certain legal advice and opinions on liability for willful and knowing violations.

Any

When determining whether an

officer,
an
employee, or
a
member of a public body
who is
alleged to have

has

committed a willful and knowing violation pursuant to §
2.2-3714
shall have the right to introduce at any proceeding a copy of a relevant advisory opinion issued pursuant to §
30-179
,

the court shall consider mitigating factors, including
good faith reliance on
(i) opinions of the Attorney General
;
(ii) court cases substantially supporting such officer
's
, employee
's
, or member's actions
;
(iii)
advisory opinions of the Virginia Freedom of Information Advisory Council
;
and (iv) advice of counsel for the public body
,
as evidence that
he
such officer, employee, or member
did not willfully and knowingly commit the violation
if the alleged violation resulted from his good faith reliance on the advisory opinion
.