Judicial liability

AN ACT Relating to the establishment of liability standards for 1
superior, district, and municipal court judges; amending RCW 2
4.92.070, 4.92.075, and 4.96.041; adding a new chapter to Title 7 3
RCW; and providing an effective date. 4
BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON:5
NEW SECTION. Sec. 1. (1) Any person injured by an individual 6
who was previously arrested for a violent offense, and subsequently 7
released from custody before trial for such offense as a result of a 8
superior, district, or municipal court judge declining to impose 9
reasonable bail as a condition of release, has a cause of action 10
against such judge if: (a) The individual caused the injury after 11
being released from custody; and (b) the judge failed to adequately 12
consider the risk of public harm that could result from the 13
individual's release before trial.14
(2) For the purposes of this section, "violent offense" has the 15
same meaning as defined in RCW 9.94A.030. 16
(3) For the purposes of this section, adequate consideration 17
requires: 18
(a) A written and published assessment that analyzes:19
(i) All known evidence about the individual's alleged violent 20
offense, criminal record, and risk of engaging in further violence;21
H-1028.2
HOUSE BILL 1893
State of Washington 69th Legislature 2025 Regular Session
By Representatives Graham, Chase, Walsh, and Schmidt
Read first time 02/07/25. Referred to Committee on Civil Rights &
Judiciary.
p. 1 HB 1893
(ii) The vulnerability of anyone the individual has previously 1
victimized or is likely to victimize in the future; and2
(iii) The adequacy of alternatives to pretrial detention for 3
mitigating the risk the individual may cause harm to others if he or 4
she is released before trial; and 5
(b) Consideration of all relevant and reasonably available 6
evidence, including public records, and the testimony of law 7
enforcement officials and experts and crime victims and crime victim 8
advocates. 9
(4) For the purposes of this section, whether the bail imposed 10
was reasonable is a question of fact and requires consideration of 11
the totality of the circumstances known to the judge who imposed the 12
bail. 13
(5) No form of judicial immunity may be raised as an immunity or 14
defense to any action brought under this section, including without 15
limitation any immunity or defense premised on the argument that a 16
judge has absolute immunity from suits in tort that arise from acts 17
performed within their judicial capacity or jurisdiction, or that 18
immunity is warranted or necessary to protect the administration of 19
justice or independent and impartial decision making.20
(6) In an action brought under this section, the court shall 21
award to a prevailing plaintiff actual damages as determined by the 22
trier of fact, and shall make an award of at least nominal damages. 23
The court may also award to a prevailing plaintiff costs and 24
reasonable attorneys' fees. The court may grant declaratory and 25
injunctive relief as it deems appropriate. 26
(7)(a) Except as provided in (b) of this subsection, nothing in 27
this section is intended to limit the right of an elected or 28
appointed official to have a legal defense provided at the expense of 29
the state or a political subdivision of the state, or to have any 30
judgment under this section satisfied by the state or a political 31
subdivision of the state under chapter 4.92 or 4.96 RCW.32
(b) Whenever a claim is brought under this section, if the trier 33
of fact finds by clear and convincing evidence that the defendant 34
intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly disregarded the risk of 35
public harm when the defendant declined to impose reasonable bail, 36
then: 37
(i) The defendant shall be personally liable for all costs of 38
defense and judgment; 39
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(ii) The state and any political subdivision of the state must 1
not pay any of the defendant's subsequent costs of defense or 2
judgment; and 3
(iii) Any costs of defense the state or any political subdivision 4
of the state has previously paid must be repaid by the defendant 5
within one year of entry of judgment. 6
(8) A cause of action under this section must be commenced within 7
three years after the cause of action accrues. For the purpose of 8
this section, a cause of action accrues when the plaintiff discovers, 9
or in the reasonable exercise of diligence should discover, the 10
elements of the cause of action. 11
(9) This section must be liberally construed to effect its 12
beneficial and remedial purposes. 13
(10) Nothing in this section affects any other common law or 14
statutory right of action available to a plaintiff.15
(11) This section applies only to causes of action arising on or 16
after the effective date of this section. 17
Sec. 2. RCW 4.92.070 and 1999 c 163 s 5 are each amended to read 18
as follows: 19
((If)) Except as provided in section 1 (7) of this act, if the 20
attorney general shall find that said officer, employee, or 21
volunteer's acts or omissions were, or were purported to be in good 22
faith, within the scope of that person's official duties, or, in the 23
case of a foster parent, that the occurrence arose from the good 24
faith provision of foster care services, said request shall be 25
granted, in which event the necessary expenses of the defense of said 26
action or proceeding relating to a state officer, employee, or 27
volunteer shall be paid as provided in RCW 4.92.130. In the case of a 28
foster parent, necessary expenses of the defense shall be paid from 29
the appropriations made for the support of the department to which 30
such foster parent is attached. In such cases the attorney general 31
shall appear and defend such officer, employee, volunteer, or foster 32
parent, who shall assist and cooperate in the defense of such suit. 33
However, the attorney general may not represent or provide private 34
representation for a foster parent in an action or proceeding brought 35
by the department of social and health services against that foster 36
parent. 37
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Sec. 3. RCW 4.92.075 and 1989 c 413 s 2 are each amended to read 1
as follows: 2
((When)) Except as provided in section 1 (7) of this act, when a 3
state officer, employee, or volunteer has been represented by the 4
attorney general pursuant to RCW 4.92.070, and the body presiding 5
over the action or proceeding has found that the officer, employee, 6
or volunteer was acting within the scope of his or her official 7
duties, and a judgment has been entered against the officer, 8
employee, or volunteer pursuant to chapter 4.92 RCW or 42 U.S.C. Sec. 9
1981 et seq., thereafter the judgment creditor shall seek 10
satisfaction only from the state, and the judgment shall not become a 11
lien upon any property of such officer, employee, or volunteer.12
Sec. 4. RCW 4.96.041 and 1993 c 449 s 4 are each amended to read 13
as follows: 14
(1) Whenever an action or proceeding for damages is brought 15
against any past or present officer, employee, or volunteer of a 16
local governmental entity of this state, arising from acts or 17
omissions while performing or in good faith purporting to perform his 18
or her official duties, such officer, employee, or volunteer may 19
request the local governmental entity to authorize the defense of the 20
action or proceeding at the expense of the local governmental entity.21
(2) If the legislative authority of the local governmental 22
entity, or the local governmental entity using a procedure created by 23
ordinance or resolution, finds that the acts or omissions of the 24
officer, employee, or volunteer were, or in good faith purported to 25
be, within the scope of his or her official duties, the request shall 26
be granted. ((If)) Except as provided in section 1 (7) of this act, if 27
the request is granted, the necessary expenses of defending the 28
action or proceeding shall be paid by the local governmental entity. 29
((Any)) Except as provided in section 1 (7) of this act, any monetary 30
judgment against the officer, employee, or volunteer shall be paid on 31
approval of the legislative authority of the local governmental 32
entity or by a procedure for approval created by ordinance or 33
resolution. 34
(3) The necessary expenses of defending an elective officer of 35
the local governmental entity in a judicial hearing to determine the 36
sufficiency of a recall charge as provided in RCW ((29.82.023)) 37
29A.56.140 shall be paid by the local governmental entity if the 38
officer requests such defense and approval is granted by both the 39
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legislative authority of the local governmental entity and the 1
attorney representing the local governmental entity. The expenses 2
paid by the local governmental entity may include costs associated 3
with an appeal of the decision rendered by the superior court 4
concerning the sufficiency of the recall charge. 5
(4) ((When)) Except as provided in section 1 (7) of this act, when 6
an officer, employee, or volunteer of the local governmental entity 7
has been represented at the expense of the local governmental entity 8
under subsection (1) of this section and the court hearing the action 9
has found that the officer, employee, or volunteer was acting within 10
the scope of his or her official duties, and a judgment has been 11
entered against the officer, employee, or volunteer under chapter 12
4.96 RCW or 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1981 et seq., thereafter the judgment 13
creditor shall seek satisfaction for nonpunitive damages only from 14
the local governmental entity, and judgment for nonpunitive damages 15
shall not become a lien upon any property of such officer, employee, 16
or volunteer. The legislative authority of a local governmental 17
entity may, pursuant to a procedure created by ordinance or 18
resolution, agree to pay an award for punitive damages.19
NEW SECTION. Sec. 5. Section 1 of this act constitutes a new 20
chapter in Title 7 RCW.21
NEW SECTION. Sec. 6. This act takes effect January 1, 2026.22
NEW SECTION. Sec. 7. If any provision of this act or its 23
application to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the 24
remainder of the act or the application of the provision to other 25
persons or circumstances is not affected.26
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