Residential tenants

AN ACT Relating to improving housing stability for tenants 1
subject to the residential landlord-tenant act and the manufactured/2
mobile home landlord-tenant act by limiting rent and fee increases, 3
requiring notice of rent and fee increases, limiting fees and 4
deposits, establishing a landlord resource center and associated 5
services, authorizing tenant lease termination, creating parity 6
between lease types, and providing for attorney general enforcement; 7
amending RCW 59.18.140, 59.18.270, 59.18.170, 59.20.090, 59.20.170, 8
59.20.060, and 59.20.030; adding new sections to chapter 59.18 RCW; 9
adding new sections to chapter 59.20 RCW; creating new sections; 10
prescribing penalties; providing an expiration date; and declaring an 11
emergency. 12
BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON:13
NEW SECTION. Sec. 1. (1) The legislature finds that:14
(a) The state is in the midst of a housing affordability crisis. 15
Homes cannot be built fast enough to meet the urgent need to keep 16
families, seniors, and all Washington renters housed.17
(b) Residential rents and manufactured/mobile home lot rents have 18
increased at a rate that outpaces inflation, wage growth, cost of 19
living adjustments for programs like social security, and other 20
standard economic metrics that drive price increases. In October 21
S-0511.1
SENATE BILL 5222
State of Washington 69th Legislature 2025 Regular Session
By Senators Trudeau, Chapman, Bateman, Conway, Frame, Hasegawa,
Lovelett, Nobles, Orwall, Pedersen, Riccelli, Robinson, Saldaña,
Slatter, Stanford, Valdez, and C. Wilson
Prefiled 01/10/25. Read first time 01/13/25. Referred to Committee
on Housing.
p. 1 SB 5222
2024, the United States census bureau reported that 15 percent of 1
renter households in Washington received a rent increase of over $250 2
($3,000 per year). The United States census bureau also reported that 3
Black households received higher rent increases than other racial 4
groups and that almost a quarter of Black renters received rent 5
increases of over $250 per month. In addition, 57 percent of renter 6
households with children under the age of 18 received a rent increase 7
of over $100, while 22 percent received rent increases of over $250.8
(c) Tenants in residential and manufactured/mobile home settings 9
are subject to not only excessive rent increases, but also to the 10
addition of new recurring or periodic fees that can have the effect 11
of drastically increasing monthly housing costs. Tenants also 12
experience arbitrary one-time fees or the addition of fees for 13
services that were previously provided at no cost. Combined with rent 14
increases, these fees create significant additional financial strains 15
for renter households. 16
(d) According to the 2021 American community survey, nearly one 17
out of every four renters in the state of Washington is over the age 18
of 55. Households of color are disproportionately renters, and these 19
households, as well as Hispanic households, are majority renter 20
households. 21
(e) Excessive rent increases force renter households, including 22
families, seniors, and young people, to lose housing opportunities. 23
Due to excessive rent increases, renter households are increasingly 24
unable to afford housing in communities of opportunity and are being 25
forced to move away from their communities. Renter households are 26
forced to make tough and often impossible decisions between paying 27
the rent and paying for other basic necessities such as medicine, 28
child care, and transportation. Communities, employers, and workers 29
all suffer when businesses cannot retain or hire staff because 30
workers have to move due to excessive rent increases, a phenomenon 31
especially common for the service industry in heavy tourism areas.32
(2) The legislature declares that failure to act urgently to 33
protect Washingtonians from excessive rent increases will result in 34
continued harm for millions of residents, especially when considering 35
the essential nature of housing. Therefore, the legislature intends 36
to enact rent stabilization policies in order to preserve the public 37
peace, health, or safety of the state by providing Washington renters 38
with predictability, transparency, and the same protections afforded 39
to other consumers. 40
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PART I1
RESIDENTIAL LANDLORD-TENANT ACT2
NEW SECTION. Sec. 101. A new section is added to chapter 59.18 3
RCW to read as follows: 4
(1)(a) Except as authorized by an exemption under section 102 of 5
this act, a landlord may not increase the rent and fees combined for 6
any type of tenancy, regardless of whether the tenancy is month-to-7
month or for a term greater or lesser than month-to-month:8
(i) During the first 12 months after the tenancy begins; and9
(ii) During any 12-month period, in an amount greater than seven 10
percent. 11
(b) This subsection (1) of this section applies to all tenancies 12
subject to this chapter, including any such tenancies in dwelling 13
units operated as short-term rentals and vacation rentals.14
(2) If a landlord increases the rent and fees combined above the 15
amount allowed in subsection (1) of this section as authorized by an 16
exemption under section 102 of this act, the landlord must include 17
facts supporting any claimed exemptions in the written notice of the 18
rent increase. Notice must comply with this section, section 103 of 19
this act, RCW 59.18.140, and be served in accordance with RCW 20
59.12.040. 21
(3) If a landlord increases rent and fees combined above the 22
amount allowed in subsection (1) of this section and the increase is 23
not authorized by an exemption under section 102 of this act, the 24
tenant may, in addition to any other remedies or relief available 25
under this chapter or other law, terminate the rental agreement at 26
any time prior to the effective date of the increase by providing the 27
landlord with written notice at least 20 days before terminating the 28
rental agreement. If a tenant terminates a rental agreement under 29
this subsection, the tenant only owes pro rata rent through the date 30
upon which the tenant vacates the dwelling unit. A landlord may not 31
charge a tenant any fines or fees for terminating a rental agreement 32
under this subsection. 33
(4) A landlord may not charge a higher rent or fees or include 34
terms of payment or other material conditions in a rental agreement 35
that are more burdensome to a tenant for a month-to-month rental 36
agreement than for a rental agreement where the term is greater or 37
lesser than month-to-month, or vice versa. 38
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(5) A landlord who engages in practices in violation of this 1
section, section 102 of this act, section 103 of this act, RCW 2
59.18.140, 59.18.170, 59.18.200, 59.18.270, or 59.18.650 is liable 3
for: 4
(a) Damages in the amount of any excess rent, fees, or other 5
costs paid by the tenant; 6
(b) Mandatory damages equal to three months of any unlawful rent, 7
fees, or other costs charged by the landlord; and 8
(c) Reasonable attorneys' fees and costs incurred in bringing the 9
action. 10
(6) The remedies provided by this section are in addition to any 11
other remedies provided by law, including the remedies provided for 12
in section 104 of this act. 13
(7) It is a defense to an eviction or other legal action that the 14
action to remove the tenant and recover possession of the premises 15
was for nonpayment of rent or fees that were unlawfully increased in 16
violation of this section. 17
(8) A landlord may not report the tenant to a tenant screening 18
service provider for failure to pay rent or fees that were unlawfully 19
increased in violation of this section. 20
(9) A local government may adopt policies, ordinances, or other 21
regulations to enforce this act. 22
NEW SECTION. Sec. 102. A new section is added to chapter 59.18 23
RCW to read as follows: 24
(1) A landlord may increase rent and fees combined in an amount 25
greater than allowed under section 101 of this act only as authorized 26
by the exemptions described in this section. Rent and fee increases 27
are not limited by section 101 of this act for any of the following 28
types of tenancies: 29
(a) A tenancy in a dwelling unit for which the first certificate 30
of occupancy was issued 10 or less years before the date of the 31
notice of the rent increase. 32
(b) A tenancy in a dwelling unit owned by a: 33
(i) Public housing authority; 34
(ii) Public development authority; 35
(iii) Nonprofit organization, where maximum rents are regulated 36
by other laws or local, state, or federal affordable housing program 37
requirements; or 38
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(iv) Nonprofit entity, as defined in RCW 84.36.560, where a 1
nonprofit organization, housing authority, or public development 2
authority has the majority decision-making power on behalf of the 3
general partner, and where maximum rents are regulated by other laws 4
or local, state, or federal affordable housing program requirements; 5
or 6
(c) A tenancy in a qualified low-income housing development as 7
defined in RCW 82.45.010, where the property is owned by any of the 8
organizations described in (b)(i) through (iv) of this subsection.9
(d) A tenancy in a dwelling unit in which the tenant shares a 10
bathroom or kitchen facility with the owner who maintains a principal 11
residence at the residential real property. 12
(e) A tenancy in a single-family owner-occupied residence, 13
including a residence in which the owner-occupant rents or leases no 14
more than two units or bedrooms including, but not limited to, an 15
attached or detached accessory dwelling unit. 16
(f) A tenancy in a duplex in which the owner occupied one of the 17
units as the owner's principal place of residence at the beginning of 18
the tenancy, so long as the owner continues the occupancy.19
(2) Subsection (1)(d) through (f) of this section only apply 20
where the owner is not any of the following: 21
(a) A real estate investment trust, as defined in section 856 of 22
the internal revenue code; 23
(b) A corporation; or 24
(c) A limited liability company in which at least one member is a 25
corporation. 26
NEW SECTION. Sec. 103. A new section is added to chapter 59.18 27
RCW to read as follows: 28
(1) A landlord must provide a tenant with annual notice of rent 29
and fee increases in substantially the following form. Notice under 30
this section must comply with the requirements in RCW 59.18.140 and 31
be served in accordance with RCW 59.12.040. 32
(2) The annual notice of rent increase requirement in this 33
section does not apply if the rental agreement governs a subsidized 34
tenancy where the amount of rent is based on, in whole or in part, a 35
percentage of the income of the tenant or other circumstances 36
specific to the subsidized household. However, for purposes of this 37
section, a subsidized tenancy does not include tenancies where some 38
or all of the rent paid to the landlord comes from a portable tenant-39
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based voucher or similar portable assistance administered through a 1
housing authority or other state or local agency, or tenancies in 2
other types of affordable housing where maximum unit rents are 3
limited by area median income levels and a tenant's base rent does 4
not change as the tenant's income does. 5
"TO TENANT(S): (tenant name(s))6
AT ADDRESS: (tenant address) 7
RENT AND FEE INCREASE NOTICE TO TENANTS8
This notice is required by Washington state law to inform you of 9
your rights regarding rent and fee increases. Washington state limits 10
how much your landlord can raise your rent and fees.11
(1) Your landlord can raise your rent and fees combined once 12
every 12 months by up to seven percent, as allowed by section 101 of 13
this act. Your landlord is not required to raise the rent or fees by 14
any amount. 15
(2) Your landlord may be exempt from the seven percent limit on 16
rent and fee increases for the reasons described in section 102 of 17
this act. If your landlord claims an exemption, your landlord is 18
required to include supporting facts with this notice.19
(3) Your landlord must properly and fully complete the form below 20
to notify you of any rent and fee increases and any exemptions 21
claimed. 22
Your landlord (name) intends to (check one of the following):23
__ Raise your rent and/or fees: Your total rent and fee increase 24
effective (date) will be (percent), which totals an additional $25
(dollar amount) per month, for a new total amount of $(dollar amount) 26
per month for rent and fees combined. 27
This rent and/or fee increase is allowed by state law and is 28
(check one of the following): 29
__ A lower rent and/or fee increase than the maximum allowed by 30
state law. 31
__ The maximum rent and/or fee increase allowed by state law.32
__ Authorized by an exemption under section 102 of this act. If 33
the rent and/or fee increase is authorized by an exemption, your 34
landlord must fill out the section of the form below.35
EXEMPTIONS CLAIMED BY LANDLORD36
Under penalty of perjury, I (landlord name) certify that I am 37
allowed under Washington state law to raise your rent and fees by 38
(percent), which is more than the maximum increase otherwise allowed 39
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by state law, because I am claiming the following exemption under 1
section 102 of this act (check one of the following):2
__ The first certificate of occupancy for your dwelling unit was 3
issued on (insert date), which is 10 or less years before the date of 4
this rent and fee increase notice, so the maximum allowable rent and 5
fee increase limit in section 101 of this act does not apply. (The 6
landlord must include facts or attach documents supporting the 7
exemption.) 8
__ You live in a dwelling unit owned by a public housing 9
authority, public development authority, or nonprofit organization 10
where maximum rents are regulated by other laws or local, state, or 11
federal affordable housing program requirements, or a qualified low-12
income housing development as defined in RCW 82.45.010, where the 13
property is owned by a public housing authority, public development 14
authority, or nonprofit organization. (The landlord must include 15
facts or attach documents supporting the exemption.)16
__ You live in a dwelling unit in which you share a bathroom or 17
kitchen facility with the owner, and the owner maintains a principal 18
residence at the residential real property. (The landlord must 19
include facts or attach documents supporting the exemption.)20
__ You live in a single-family residence in which the owner 21
leases no more than two units or bedrooms including, but not limited 22
to, an attached or detached accessory dwelling unit. (The landlord 23
must include facts or attach documents supporting the exemption.)24
__ You live in a duplex in which the owner occupied one of the 25
units as the owner's principal place of residence at the beginning of 26
the tenancy, and the owner continues in occupancy. (The landlord must 27
include facts or attach documents supporting the exemption.)"28
NEW SECTION. Sec. 104. A new section is added to chapter 59.18 29
RCW to read as follows: 30
The legislature finds that the practices covered by section 101 31
of this act, section 102 of this act, section 103 of this act, RCW 32
59.18.140, 59.18.170, 59.18.200, 59.18.270, and 59.18.650 are matters 33
vitally affecting the public interest for the purpose of applying the 34
consumer protection act, chapter 19.86 RCW. A violation of section 35
101 of this act, section 102 of this act, section 103 of this act, 36
RCW 59.18.140, 59.18.170, 59.18.200, 59.18.270, or 59.18.650 by a 37
landlord is not reasonable in relation to the development and 38
preservation of business and is an unfair or deceptive act in trade 39
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or commerce and an unfair method of competition for the purpose of 1
applying the consumer protection act, chapter 19.86 RCW.2
NEW SECTION. Sec. 105. A new section is added to chapter 59.18 3
RCW to read as follows: 4
(1) The department of commerce shall create an online landlord 5
resource center to distribute information to landlords about 6
available programs and resources including, but not limited to, the 7
following: 8
(a) The landlord mitigation program created in RCW 43.31.605;9
(b) The low-income residential weatherization programs created in 10
chapter 70A.35 RCW; 11
(c) The model lease provisions regarding rent and fee increases 12
created by the attorney general's office under subsection (2) of this 13
section; 14
(d) Local government resources; and 15
(e) Any other programs and resources that the department 16
determines are relevant. 17
(2)(a) The attorney general, in consultation with appropriate 18
stakeholders, shall publish model lease provisions regarding rent and 19
fee increases that comply with the requirements in this chapter.20
(b) The model lease provisions regarding rent and fee increases 21
must be published in the top 10 languages spoken in Washington state 22
and, at the discretion of the office of the attorney general, other 23
languages. 24
(c) The office of the attorney general shall publish the model 25
lease provisions regarding rent and fee increases in the following 26
formats: 27
(i) A full digital version available on the office of the 28
attorney general's website; and 29
(ii) Hard copy versions made available upon request to landlords, 30
tenants, and any other relevant entities identified by the office of 31
the attorney general. 32
(d) The office of the attorney general shall publish the first 33
version of the model lease provisions regarding rent and fee 34
increases by January 1, 2025, and shall periodically publish new 35
versions of the model lease provisions as necessary to incorporate 36
any relevant changes made to this chapter. 37
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Sec. 106. RCW 59.18.140 and 2019 c 105 s 1 are each amended to 1
read as follows: 2
(1) The tenant shall conform to all reasonable obligations or 3
restrictions, whether denominated by the landlord as rules, rental 4
agreement, rent, or otherwise, concerning the use, occupation, and 5
maintenance of his or her dwelling unit, appurtenances thereto, and 6
the property of which the dwelling unit is a part if such obligations 7
and restrictions are not in violation of any of the terms of this 8
chapter and are not otherwise contrary to law, and if such 9
obligations and restrictions are brought to the attention of the 10
tenant at the time of his or her initial occupancy of the dwelling 11
unit and thus become part of the rental agreement.12
(2) Except for termination of tenancy and an increase in the 13
amount of rent, after ((thirty)) 30 days written notice to each 14
affected tenant, a new rule of tenancy may become effective upon 15
completion of the term of the rental agreement or sooner upon mutual 16
consent. 17
(3)(a) Except as provided in (b) and (c) of this subsection, a 18
landlord shall provide a minimum of ((sixty)) 60 days' prior written 19
notice of an increase in the amount of rent to each affected tenant, 20
and any increase in the amount of rent may not become effective prior 21
to the completion of the term of the rental agreement.22
(b) If the rental agreement governs a subsidized tenancy where 23
the amount of rent is based on the income of the tenant or 24
circumstances specific to the subsidized household, a landlord shall 25
provide a minimum of ((thirty)) 30 days' prior written notice of an 26
increase in the amount of rent to each affected tenant. An increase 27
in the amount of rent may become effective upon completion of the 28
term of the rental agreement or sooner upon mutual consent.29
(c) If a landlord intends to increase the rent and fees combined 30
in an amount of three percent or more, the landlord must provide 31
written notice to each affected tenant a minimum of 180 days before 32
the effective date of the increase. This subsection (3)(c) does not 33
apply to any tenancy in a dwelling unit qualifying for an exemption 34
under section 102(1) (b) and (c) of this act.35
Sec. 107. RCW 59.18.270 and 2011 c 132 s 14 are each amended to 36
read as follows: 37
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(1) If a landlord charges a tenant any move-in fees or security 1
deposits, the move-in fees and security deposits combined may not 2
exceed one month's rent.3
(2) All moneys paid to the landlord by the tenant as a deposit as 4
security for performance of the tenant's obligations in a lease or 5
rental agreement shall promptly be deposited by the landlord in a 6
trust account, maintained by the landlord for the purpose of holding 7
such security deposits for tenants of the landlord, in a financial 8
institution as defined by RCW ((30.22.041)) 30A.22.041 or licensed 9
escrow agent located in Washington. Unless otherwise agreed in 10
writing, the landlord shall be entitled to receipt of interest paid 11
on such trust account deposits. The landlord shall provide the tenant 12
with a written receipt for the deposit and shall provide written 13
notice of the name and address and location of the depository and any 14
subsequent change thereof. If during a tenancy the status of landlord 15
is transferred to another, any sums in the deposit trust account 16
affected by such transfer shall simultaneously be transferred to an 17
equivalent trust account of the successor landlord, and the successor 18
landlord shall promptly notify the tenant of the transfer and of the 19
name, address, and location of the new depository. If, during the 20
tenancy, the tenant's dwelling unit is foreclosed upon and the 21
tenant's deposit is not transferred to the successor after the 22
foreclosure sale or other transfer of the property from the 23
foreclosed-upon owner to a successor, the foreclosed-upon owner shall 24
promptly refund the full deposit to the tenant immediately after the 25
foreclosure sale or transfer. If the foreclosed-upon owner does not 26
either immediately refund the full deposit to the tenant or transfer 27
the deposit to the successor, the foreclosed-upon owner is liable to 28
the tenant for damages up to two times the amount of the deposit. In 29
any action brought by the tenant to recover the deposit, the 30
prevailing party is entitled to recover the costs of suit or 31
arbitration, including reasonable attorneys' fees. The tenant's claim 32
to any moneys paid under this section shall be prior to that of any 33
creditor of the landlord, including a trustee in bankruptcy or 34
receiver, even if such moneys are commingled. 35
(3) Subsection (1) of this section does not apply if the rental 36
agreement governs a subsidized tenancy where the amount of rent is 37
based on, in whole or in part, a percentage of the income of the 38
tenant or other circumstances specific to the subsidized household. 39
However, for purposes of this section, a subsidized tenancy does not 40
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include tenancies where some or all of the rent paid to the landlord 1
comes from a portable tenant-based voucher or similar portable 2
assistance administered through a housing authority or other state or 3
local agency, or tenancies in other types of affordable housing where 4
maximum unit rents are limited by area median income levels and a 5
tenant's base rent does not change as the tenant's income does.6
Sec. 108. RCW 59.18.170 and 2020 c 177 s 1 are each amended to 7
read as follows: 8
(1) If at any time during the tenancy the tenant fails to carry 9
out the duties required by RCW 59.18.130 or 59.18.140, the landlord 10
may, in addition to pursuit of remedies otherwise provided by law, 11
give written notice to the tenant of said failure, which notice shall 12
specify the nature of the failure. 13
(2) The landlord may not charge a late fee for rent that is paid 14
within five days following its due date. If rent is more than five 15
days past due, the landlord may charge late fees commencing from the 16
first day after the due date until paid. Late fees may not exceed 1.5 17
percent of the tenant's total rent per month. Nothing in this 18
subsection prohibits a landlord from serving a notice to pay or 19
vacate at any time after the rent becomes due. 20
(3) When late fees may be assessed after rent becomes due, the 21
tenant may propose that the date rent is due in the rental agreement 22
be altered to a different due date of the month. The landlord shall 23
agree to such a proposal if it is submitted in writing and the tenant 24
can demonstrate that his or her primary source of income is a 25
regular, monthly source of governmental assistance that is not 26
received until after the date rent is due in the rental agreement. 27
The proposed rent due date may not be more than five days after the 28
date the rent is due in the rental agreement. Nothing in this 29
subsection shall be construed to prevent a tenant from making a 30
request for reasonable accommodation under federal, state, or local 31
law. 32
PART II33
MANUFACTURED/MOBILE HOME LANDLORD-TENANT ACT34
NEW SECTION. Sec. 201. A new section is added to chapter 59.20 35
RCW to read as follows: 36
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(1) Except as authorized by an exemption under section 202 of 1
this act and as provided in RCW 59.20.060(2)(c), a landlord may not 2
increase the rent and fees combined for any type of tenancy, 3
regardless of whether the tenancy is month-to-month or for a term 4
greater than month-to-month: 5
(a) During the first 12 months after the tenancy begins; and6
(b) During any 12-month period, in an amount greater than seven 7
percent. 8
(2) If a landlord increases the rent and fees combined above the 9
amount allowed in subsection (1) of this section as authorized by an 10
exemption under section 202 of this act, the landlord must include 11
facts supporting any claimed exemptions in the written notice of the 12
rent increase. Notice must comply with this section, section 203 of 13
this act, RCW 59.20.090(2), and be served in accordance with RCW 14
59.12.040. 15
(3) If a landlord increases rent and fees combined above the 16
amount allowed in subsection (1) of this section and the increase is 17
not authorized by an exemption under section 202 of this act, the 18
tenant may, in addition to any other remedies or relief available 19
under this chapter or other law, terminate the rental agreement at 20
any time prior to the effective date of the increase by providing the 21
landlord with written notice at least 30 days before terminating the 22
rental agreement. If a tenant terminates a rental agreement under 23
this subsection, the tenant only owes pro rata rent through the date 24
upon which the tenant vacates the dwelling unit. A landlord may not 25
charge a tenant any fines or fees for terminating a rental agreement 26
under this subsection. 27
(4) A landlord may not charge a higher rent or fees or include 28
terms of payment or other material conditions in a rental agreement 29
that are more burdensome to a tenant for a month-to-month rental 30
agreement than for a rental agreement where the term is greater than 31
month-to-month, or vice versa. 32
(5) A landlord who engages in practices in violation of this 33
section, section 202 of this act, section 203 of this act, RCW 34
59.20.060, 59.20.090, or 59.20.170 is liable for: 35
(a) Damages in the amount of any excess rent, fees, or other 36
costs paid by the tenant; 37
(b) Mandatory damages equal to three months of any unlawful rent, 38
fees, or other costs charged by the landlord; and 39
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(c) Reasonable attorneys' fees and costs incurred in bringing the 1
action. 2
(6) The remedies provided by this section are in addition to any 3
other remedies provided by law, including the remedies provided for 4
in section 204 of this act. 5
(7) It is a defense to an eviction or other legal action that the 6
action to remove the tenant and recover possession of the premises 7
was for nonpayment of rent or fees that were unlawfully increased in 8
violation of this section. 9
(8) A landlord may not report a tenant to a tenant screening 10
service provider for failure to pay rent or fees that were unlawfully 11
increased in violation of this section. 12
(9) A local government may adopt policies, ordinances, or other 13
regulations to enforce this act. 14
NEW SECTION. Sec. 202. A new section is added to chapter 59.20 15
RCW to read as follows: 16
A landlord may increase rent and fees combined in an amount 17
greater than allowed under section 201 of this act only as authorized 18
by the exemptions described in this section or as provided in RCW 19
59.20.060(2)(c). 20
(1) Rent and fee increases are not limited by section 201 of this 21
act for any of the following types of tenancies: 22
(a) A tenancy in a manufactured/mobile home lot owned by a:23
(i) Public housing authority; 24
(ii) Public development authority; or 25
(iii) Nonprofit organization, where maximum rents are regulated 26
by other laws or local, state, or federal affordable housing program 27
requirements; or 28
(b) A tenancy in a qualified low-income housing development as 29
defined in RCW 82.45.010, where the property is owned by any of the 30
organizations described in (a)(i) through (iii) of this subsection.31
(2) During the first 12 months after the qualified sale of a 32
manufactured/mobile home community to an eligible organization as 33
defined in RCW 59.20.030 whose mission aligns with the long-term 34
preservation and affordability of the manufactured/mobile home 35
community, the eligible organization may increase the annual rent and 36
fees combined for the manufactured/mobile home community in an amount 37
greater than allowed under section 201 of this act as needed to cover 38
the cost of purchasing the manufactured/mobile home community if the 39
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increase is approved by vote or agreement with the majority of the 1
manufactured/mobile home owners in the manufactured/mobile home 2
community. 3
NEW SECTION. Sec. 203. A new section is added to chapter 59.20 4
RCW to read as follows: 5
(1) A landlord must provide a tenant with annual notice of rent 6
and fee increases in substantially the following form. Notice under 7
this section must comply with the requirements in RCW 59.20.090(2) 8
and be served in accordance with RCW 59.12.040. 9
(2) The annual notice of rent increase requirement in this 10
section does not apply if the rental agreement governs a subsidized 11
tenancy where the amount of rent is based on, in whole or in part, a 12
percentage of the income of the tenant or other circumstances 13
specific to the subsidized household. However, for purposes of this 14
section, a subsidized tenancy does not include tenancies where some 15
or all of the rent paid to the landlord comes from a portable tenant-16
based voucher or similar portable assistance administered through a 17
housing authority or other state or local agency, or tenancies in 18
other types of affordable housing where maximum unit rents are 19
limited by area median income levels and a tenant's base rent does 20
not change as the tenant's income does. 21
"TO TENANTS: (tenant name(s))22
AT ADDRESS: (tenant address) 23
RENT AND FEE INCREASE NOTICE TO TENANTS24
This notice is required by Washington state law to inform you of 25
your rights regarding rent and fee increases. Washington state limits 26
how much your landlord can raise your rent and fees.27
(1) Your landlord can raise your rent and fees combined once 28
every 12 months by up to seven percent, as allowed by section 201 of 29
this act. Your landlord is not required to raise the rent or fees by 30
any amount. 31
(2) Your landlord may be exempt from the seven percent limit on 32
rent and fee increases for the reasons described in section 202 of 33
this act. If your landlord claims an exemption, your landlord is 34
required to include supporting facts with this notice.35
(3) Your landlord must properly and fully complete the form below 36
to notify you of any rent and fee increases and any exemptions 37
claimed. 38
Your landlord (name) intends to (check one of the following):39
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__ Raise your rent and/or fees: Your total rent and fee increase 1
effective (date) will be (percent), which totals an additional $2
(dollar amount) per month, for a new total amount of $(dollar amount) 3
per month for rent and fees combined. 4
This rent and/or fee increase is allowed by state law and is 5
(check one of the following): 6
__ A lower rent and/or fee increase than the maximum allowed by 7
state law. 8
__ The maximum rent and/or fee increase allowed by state law.9
__ Authorized by an exemption under section 202 of this act. If 10
the rent and/or fee increase is authorized by an exemption, your 11
landlord must fill out the section of the form below.12
EXEMPTIONS CLAIMED BY LANDLORD13
Under penalty of perjury, I (landlord name) certify that I am 14
allowed under Washington state law to raise your rent and fees by 15
(percent), which is more than the maximum increase otherwise allowed 16
by state law, because I am claiming the following exemption under 17
section 202 of this act (check one of the following):18
__ You live on a manufactured/mobile home lot owned by a public 19
housing authority, public development authority, or nonprofit 20
organization where maximum rents are regulated by other laws or 21
local, state, or federal affordable housing program requirements, or 22
a qualified low-income housing development as defined in RCW 23
82.45.010, where the property is owned by a public housing authority, 24
public development authority, or nonprofit organization. (The 25
landlord must include facts or attach documents supporting the 26
exemption.) 27
__ You live in a manufactured/mobile home community that was 28
purchased during the past 12 months by an eligible organization as 29
defined in RCW 59.20.030 whose mission aligns with the long-term 30
preservation and affordability of your manufactured/mobile home 31
community, so the eligible organization may increase the annual rent 32
and fees combined for your manufactured/mobile home community in an 33
amount greater than allowed under section 201 of this act as needed 34
to cover the cost of purchasing your manufactured/mobile home 35
community if the increase is approved by vote or agreement with the 36
majority of the manufactured/mobile home owners in your manufactured/37
mobile home community. (The landlord must include facts or attach 38
documents supporting the exemption.)" 39
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NEW SECTION. Sec. 204. A new section is added to chapter 59.20 1
RCW to read as follows: 2
The legislature finds that the practices covered by section 201 3
of this act, section 202 of this act, section 203 of this act, RCW 4
59.20.060, 59.20.090, and 59.20.170 are matters vitally affecting the 5
public interest for the purpose of applying the consumer protection 6
act, chapter 19.86 RCW. A violation of section 201 of this act, 7
section 202 of this act, section 203 of this act, RCW 59.20.060, 8
59.20.090, or 59.20.170 by a landlord is not reasonable in relation 9
to the development and preservation of business and is an unfair or 10
deceptive act in trade or commerce and an unfair method of 11
competition for the purpose of applying the consumer protection act, 12
chapter 19.86 RCW. 13
Sec. 205. RCW 59.20.090 and 2019 c 23 s 5 are each amended to 14
read as follows: 15
(1) Unless otherwise agreed rental agreements shall be for a term 16
of one year. Any rental agreement of whatever duration shall be 17
automatically renewed for the term of the original rental agreement, 18
unless a different specified term is agreed upon. 19
(2) ((A)) (a) Except as provided in (b) of this subsection, a 20
landlord seeking to increase the rent upon expiration of the term of 21
a rental agreement of any duration shall notify the tenant in writing 22
three months prior to the effective date of any increase in rent.23
(b) If a landlord intends to increase the rent and fees combined 24
in an amount of three percent or more, the landlord must provide 25
written notice to each affected tenant a minimum of 180 days before 26
the effective date of the increase. This subsection (2)(b) does not 27
apply to any tenancy in a manufactured/mobile home lot that qualifies 28
for an exemption under section 202(1) of this act.29
(3) ((A)) Except as provided in subsection (4) of this section, a 30
tenant shall notify the landlord in writing one month prior to the 31
expiration of a rental agreement of an intention not to renew.32
(4)(a) The tenant may terminate the rental agreement upon 33
((thirty)) 30 days written notice whenever a change in the location 34
of the tenant's employment requires a change in his or her residence, 35
and shall not be liable for rental following such termination unless 36
after due diligence and reasonable effort the landlord is not able to 37
rent the mobile home lot at a fair rental. If the landlord is not 38
able to rent the lot, the tenant shall remain liable for the rental 39
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specified in the rental agreement until the lot is rented or the 1
original term ends. 2
(b) Any tenant who is a member of the armed forces, including the 3
national guard and armed forces reserves, or that tenant's spouse or 4
dependent, may terminate a rental agreement with less than ((thirty)) 5
30 days notice if the tenant receives permanent change of station or 6
deployment orders which do not allow greater notice. The service 7
member shall provide the landlord a copy of the official military 8
orders or a signed letter from the service member's commanding 9
officer confirming any of the following criteria are met:10
(i) The service member is required, pursuant to permanent change 11
of station orders, to move ((thirty-five)) 35 miles or more from the 12
location of the rental premises; 13
(ii) The service member is prematurely or involuntarily 14
discharged or released from active duty; 15
(iii) The service member is released from active duty after 16
having leased the rental premises while on active duty status and the 17
rental premises is ((thirty-five)) 35 miles or more from the service 18
member's home of record prior to entering active duty;19
(iv) After entering into a rental agreement, the commanding 20
officer directs the service member to move into government provided 21
housing; 22
(v) The service member receives temporary duty orders, temporary 23
change of station orders, or state active duty orders to an area 24
((thirty-five)) 35 miles or more from the location of the rental 25
premises, provided such orders are for a period not less than 26
((ninety)) 90 days; or 27
(vi) The service member has leased the property, but prior to 28
taking possession of the rental premises, receives change of station 29
orders to an area that is ((thirty-five)) 35 miles or more from the 30
location of the rental premises. 31
Sec. 206. RCW 59.20.170 and 2004 c 136 s 2 are each amended to 32
read as follows: 33
(1) If a landlord charges a tenant any move-in fees or security 34
deposits, the move-in fees and security deposits combined may not 35
exceed one month's rent.36
(2) All moneys paid to the landlord by the tenant as a deposit as 37
security for performance of the tenant's obligations in a rental 38
agreement shall promptly be deposited by the landlord in a trust 39
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account, maintained by the landlord for the purpose of holding such 1
security deposits for tenants of the landlord, in a financial 2
institution as defined by RCW ((30.22.041)) 30A.22.041 or licensed 3
escrow agent located in Washington. ((Except as provided in 4
subsection (2) of this section, unless )) Unless otherwise agreed in 5
writing, the landlord shall be entitled to receipt of interest paid 6
on such trust account deposits. The landlord shall provide the tenant 7
with a written receipt for the deposit and shall provide written 8
notice of the name and address and location of the depository and any 9
subsequent change thereof. If during a tenancy the status of landlord 10
is transferred to another, any sums in the deposit trust account 11
affected by such transfer shall simultaneously be transferred to an 12
equivalent trust account of the successor landlord, and the successor 13
landlord shall promptly notify the tenant of the transfer and of the 14
name, address and location of the new depository. The tenant's claim 15
to any moneys paid under this section shall be prior to that of any 16
creditor of the landlord, including a trustee in bankruptcy or 17
receiver, even if such moneys are commingled. 18
(((2) All moneys paid, in excess of two months' rent on the 19
mobile home lot, to the landlord by the tenant as a deposit as 20
security for performance of the tenant's obligations in a rental 21
agreement shall be deposited into an interest-bearing trust account 22
for the particular tenant. The interest accruing on the deposit in 23
the account, minus fees charged to administer the account, shall be 24
paid to the tenant on an annual basis. All other provisions of 25
subsection (1) of this section shall apply to deposits under this 26
subsection.))27
Sec. 207. RCW 59.20.060 and 2023 c 40 s 3 are each amended to 28
read as follows: 29
(1) Any mobile home space tenancy regardless of the term, shall 30
be based upon a written rental agreement, signed by the parties, 31
which shall contain: 32
(a) The terms for the payment of rent, including time and place, 33
and any additional charges to be paid by the tenant. Additional 34
charges that occur less frequently than monthly shall be itemized in 35
a billing to the tenant; 36
(b) Reasonable rules for guest parking which shall be clearly 37
stated; 38
(c) The rules and regulations of the park; 39
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(d) The name and address of the person who is the landlord, and 1
if such person does not reside in the state there shall also be 2
designated by name and address a person who resides in the county 3
where the mobile home park is located who is authorized to act as 4
agent for the purposes of service of notices and process. If no 5
designation is made of a person to act as agent, then the person to 6
whom rental payments are to be made shall be considered the agent;7
(e) The name and address of any party who has a secured interest 8
in the mobile home, manufactured home, or park model;9
(f) A forwarding address of the tenant or the name and address of 10
a person who would likely know the whereabouts of the tenant in the 11
event of an emergency or an abandonment of the mobile home, 12
manufactured home, or park model; 13
(g) A statement that: "The park may be sold or otherwise 14
transferred at any time with the result that subsequent owners may 15
close the mobile home park, or that the landlord may close the park 16
at any time after the required closure notice as provided in RCW 17
59.20.080." The statement required by this subsection must: (i) 18
Appear in print that is in boldface and is larger than the other text 19
of the rental agreement; (ii) be set off by means of a box, blank 20
space, or comparable visual device; and (iii) be located directly 21
above the tenant's signature on the rental agreement;22
(h) A copy of a closure notice, as required in RCW 59.20.080, if 23
such notice is in effect; 24
(i) The terms and conditions under which any deposit or portion 25
thereof may be withheld by the landlord upon termination of the 26
rental agreement if any moneys are paid to the landlord by the tenant 27
as a deposit or as security for performance of the tenant's 28
obligations in a rental agreement; 29
(j) A listing of the utilities, services, and facilities which 30
will be available to the tenant during the tenancy and the nature of 31
the fees, if any, to be charged together with a statement that, in 32
the event any utilities are changed to be charged independent of the 33
rent during the term of the rental agreement, the landlord agrees to 34
decrease the amount of the rent charged proportionately;35
(k) A written description, picture, plan, or map of the 36
boundaries of a mobile home space sufficient to inform the tenant of 37
the exact location of the tenant's space in relation to other 38
tenants' spaces; 39
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(l) A written description, picture, plan, or map of the location 1
of the tenant's responsibility for utility hook-ups, consistent with 2
RCW 59.20.130(6); 3
(m) A statement of the current zoning of the land on which the 4
mobile home park is located; 5
(n) A statement of the expiration date of any conditional use, 6
temporary use, or other land use permit subject to a fixed expiration 7
date that is necessary for the continued use of the land as a mobile 8
home park; and 9
(o) A written statement containing accurate historical 10
information regarding the past five years' rental amount charged for 11
the lot or space. 12
(2) Any rental agreement executed between the landlord and tenant 13
shall not contain any provision: 14
(a) Which allows the landlord to charge a fee for guest parking 15
unless a violation of the rules for guest parking occurs: PROVIDED, 16
That a fee may be charged for guest parking which covers an extended 17
period of time as defined in the rental agreement;18
(b) Which authorizes the towing or impounding of a vehicle except 19
upon notice to the owner thereof or the tenant whose guest is the 20
owner of the vehicle; 21
(c) Which allows the landlord to alter the due date for rent 22
payment or increase the rent: (i) During the term of the rental 23
agreement if the term is less than two years, or (ii) more frequently 24
than annually if the initial term is for two years or more: PROVIDED, 25
That a rental agreement may include an escalation clause for a pro 26
rata share of any increase in the mobile home park's real property 27
taxes or utility assessments or charges, over the base taxes or 28
utility assessments or charges of the year in which the rental 29
agreement took effect, if the clause also provides for a pro rata 30
reduction in rent or other charges in the event of a reduction in 31
real property taxes or utility assessments or charges, below the base 32
year: PROVIDED FURTHER, That a rental agreement for a term exceeding 33
two years may provide for annual increases in rent in specified 34
amounts or by a formula specified in such agreement. Any rent 35
increase authorized under this subsection (2)(c) that occurs within 36
the closure notice period pursuant to RCW 59.20.080(1)(e) may not be 37
more than one percentage point above the United States consumer price 38
index for all urban consumers, housing component, published by the 39
United States bureau of labor statistics in the periodical "Monthly 40
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Labor Review and Handbook of Labor Statistics" as established 1
annually by the department of commerce; 2
(d) By which the tenant agrees to waive or forego rights or 3
remedies under this chapter; 4
(e) Allowing the landlord to charge an "entrance fee" or an "exit 5
fee." However, an entrance fee may be charged as part of a continuing 6
care contract as defined in RCW 70.38.025; 7
(f) Which allows the landlord to charge a fee for guests: 8
PROVIDED, That a landlord may establish rules charging for guests who 9
remain on the premises for more than 15 days in any 60-day period;10
(g) By which the tenant agrees to waive or forego homestead 11
rights provided by chapter 6.13 RCW. This subsection shall not 12
prohibit such waiver after a default in rent so long as such waiver 13
is in writing signed by the husband and wife or by an unmarried 14
claimant and in consideration of the landlord's agreement not to 15
terminate the tenancy for a period of time specified in the waiver if 16
the landlord would be otherwise entitled to terminate the tenancy 17
under this chapter; 18
(h) By which, at the time the rental agreement is entered into, 19
the landlord and tenant agree to the selection of a particular 20
arbitrator; ((or))21
(i) By which the tenant agrees to make rent payments through 22
electronic means only; or23
(j) Allowing the landlord to charge a late fee for rent that is 24
paid within five days following its due date. If rent is more than 25
five days past due, the landlord may charge late fees commencing from 26
the first day after the due date until paid. Late fees may not exceed 27
1.5 percent of the tenant's total rent per month. Nothing in this 28
subsection prohibits a landlord from serving a notice to pay or 29
vacate at any time after the rent becomes due. 30
(3) Any provision prohibited under this section that is included 31
in a rental agreement is unenforceable. 32
Sec. 208. RCW 59.20.030 and 2024 c 325 s 1 are each amended to 33
read as follows: 34
For purposes of this chapter: 35
(1) "Abandoned" as it relates to a mobile home, manufactured 36
home, or park model owned by a tenant in a mobile home park, mobile 37
home park cooperative, or mobile home park subdivision or tenancy in 38
a mobile home lot means the tenant has defaulted in rent and by 39
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absence and by words or actions reasonably indicates the intention 1
not to continue tenancy; 2
(2) "Active duty" means service authorized by the president of 3
the United States, the secretary of defense, or the governor for a 4
period of more than 30 consecutive days; 5
(3) "Community land trust" means a private, nonprofit, community-6
governed, and/or membership corporation whose mission is to acquire, 7
hold, develop, lease, and steward land for making homes, farmland, 8
gardens, businesses, and other community assets permanently 9
affordable for current and future generations. A community land 10
trust's bylaws prescribe that the governing board is comprised of 11
individuals who reside in the community land trust's service area, 12
one-third of whom are currently, or could be, community land trust 13
leaseholders; 14
(4) "Eligible organization" includes community land trusts, 15
resident nonprofit cooperatives, local governments, local housing 16
authorities, nonprofit community or neighborhood-based organizations, 17
federally recognized Indian tribes in the state of Washington, and 18
regional or statewide nonprofit housing assistance organizations, 19
whose mission aligns with the long-term preservation of the 20
manufactured/mobile home community; 21
(5) "Housing and low-income assistance organization" means an 22
organization that provides tenants living in mobile home parks, 23
manufactured housing communities, and manufactured/mobile home 24
communities with information about their rights and other pertinent 25
information; 26
(6) "Housing authority" or "authority" means any of the public 27
body corporate and politic created in RCW 35.82.030;28
(7) "Landlord" or "owner" means the owner of a mobile home park 29
and includes the agents of the owner; 30
(8) "Local government" means a town government, city government, 31
code city government, or county government in the state of 32
Washington; 33
(9) "Manufactured home" means a single-family dwelling built 34
according to the United States department of housing and urban 35
development manufactured home construction and safety standards act, 36
which is a national preemptive building code. A manufactured home 37
also: (a) Includes plumbing, heating, air conditioning, and 38
electrical systems; (b) is built on a permanent chassis; and (c) can 39
be transported in one or more sections with each section at least 40
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eight feet wide and 40 feet long when transported, or when installed 1
on the site is three hundred twenty square feet or greater;2
(10) "Manufactured/mobile home" means either a manufactured home 3
or a mobile home; 4
(11) "Mobile home" means a factory-built dwelling built prior to 5
June 15, 1976, to standards other than the United States department 6
of housing and urban development code, and acceptable under 7
applicable state codes in effect at the time of construction or 8
introduction of the home into the state. Mobile homes have not been 9
built since the introduction of the United States department of 10
housing and urban development manufactured home construction and 11
safety act; 12
(12) "Mobile home lot" means a portion of a mobile home park or 13
manufactured housing community designated as the location of one 14
mobile home, manufactured home, or park model and its accessory 15
buildings, and intended for the exclusive use as a primary residence 16
by the occupants of that mobile home, manufactured home, or park 17
model; 18
(13) "Mobile home park cooperative" or "manufactured housing 19
cooperative" means real property consisting of common areas and two 20
or more lots held out for placement of mobile homes, manufactured 21
homes, or park models in which both the individual lots and the 22
common areas are owned by an association of shareholders which leases 23
or otherwise extends the right to occupy individual lots to its own 24
members; 25
(14) "Mobile home park subdivision" or "manufactured housing 26
subdivision" means real property, whether it is called a subdivision, 27
condominium, or planned unit development, consisting of common areas 28
and two or more lots held for placement of mobile homes, manufactured 29
homes, or park models in which there is private ownership of the 30
individual lots and common, undivided ownership of the common areas 31
by owners of the individual lots; 32
(15) "Mobile home park," "manufactured housing community," or 33
"manufactured/mobile home community" means any real property which is 34
rented or held out for rent to others for the placement of two or 35
more mobile homes, manufactured homes, or park models for the primary 36
purpose of production of income, except where such real property is 37
rented or held out for rent for seasonal recreational purpose only 38
and is not intended for year-round occupancy; 39
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(16) "Notice of opportunity to compete to purchase" means a 1
notice required under RCW 59.20.325; 2
(17) "Notice of sale" means a notice required under RCW 59.20.300 3
to be delivered to all tenants of a manufactured/mobile home 4
community and other specified parties within 14 days after the date 5
on which any advertisement, listing, or public or private notice is 6
first made advertising that a manufactured/mobile home community or 7
the property on which it sits is for sale or lease. A delivered 8
notice of opportunity to compete to purchase acts as a notice of 9
sale; 10
(18) "Occupant" means any person, including a live-in care 11
provider, other than a tenant, who occupies a mobile home, 12
manufactured home, or park model and mobile home lot;13
(19) "Orders" means written official military orders, or any 14
written notification, certification, or verification from the service 15
member's commanding officer, with respect to the service member's 16
current or future military status; 17
(20) "Park model" means a recreational vehicle intended for 18
permanent or semi-permanent installation and is used as a primary 19
residence; 20
(21) "Permanent change of station" means: (a) Transfer to a unit 21
located at another port or duty station; (b) change of a unit's home 22
port or permanent duty station; (c) call to active duty for a period 23
not less than 90 days; (d) separation; or (e) retirement;24
(22) "Qualified sale of manufactured/mobile home community" means 25
the sale, as defined in RCW 82.45.010, of land and improvements 26
comprising a manufactured/mobile home community that is transferred 27
in a single purchase to a qualified tenant organization or to an 28
eligible organization for the purpose of preserving the property as a 29
manufactured/mobile home community; 30
(23) "Qualified tenant organization" means a formal organization 31
of tenants within a manufactured/mobile home community, with the only 32
requirement for membership consisting of being a tenant. If a 33
majority of the tenants, based on home sites within the manufactured/34
mobile home community, agree that they want to preserve the 35
manufactured/mobile home community then they will appoint a 36
spokesperson to represent the wishes of the qualified tenant 37
organization to the landlord and the landlord's representative;38
(24) "Recreational vehicle" means a travel trailer, motor home, 39
truck camper, or camping trailer that is primarily designed and used 40
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as temporary living quarters, is either self-propelled or mounted on 1
or drawn by another vehicle, is transient, is not occupied as a 2
primary residence, and is not immobilized or permanently affixed to a 3
mobile home lot; 4
(25) "Rent" or "rental amount" means recurring and periodic 5
charges identified in the rental agreement for the use and occupancy 6
of the manufactured/mobile home lot, which may include charges for 7
utilities as provided in RCW 59.20.060. These terms do not include 8
nonrecurring charges for costs incurred due to late payment, damages, 9
deposits, legal costs, or other fees, including attorneys' fees;10
(26) "Resident nonprofit cooperative" means a nonprofit 11
cooperative corporation formed by a group of manufactured/mobile home 12
community residents for the purpose of acquiring the manufactured/13
mobile home community in which they reside and converting the 14
manufactured/mobile home community to a mobile home park cooperative 15
or manufactured housing cooperative; 16
(((26))) (27) "Service member" means an active member of the 17
United States armed forces, a member of a military reserve component, 18
or a member of the national guard who is either stationed in or a 19
resident of Washington state; 20
(((27))) (28) "Tenant" means any person, except a transient, who 21
rents a mobile home lot; 22
(((28))) (29) "Transient" means a person who rents a mobile home 23
lot for a period of less than one month for purposes other than as a 24
primary residence. 25
PART III26
MISCELLANEOUS27
NEW SECTION. Sec. 301. This act is necessary for the immediate 28
preservation of the public peace, health, or safety, or support of 29
the state government and its existing public institutions, and takes 30
effect immediately.31
NEW SECTION. Sec. 302. If any provision of this act or its 32
application to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the 33
remainder of the act or the application of the provision to other 34
persons or circumstances is not affected.35
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NEW SECTION. Sec. 303. (1) The department of commerce must 1
contract with an independent third party, which may include 2
educational institutions or private entities with subject matter 3
expertise, to carry out a social vulnerability assessment of the 4
impacts of this act. At a minimum, the assessment must consider the 5
following:6
(a) The impact of rent stabilization on extending tenancies due 7
to rent capping. 8
(b) Whether there are social vulnerability impacts on cost 9
burdened, immutable characteristic communities, or rural communities.10
(c) Whether rent stabilization creates a disproportionate burden 11
on new or transitioning renters as a result of current tenants' rent 12
being capped. 13
(d) The impacts of rent stabilization on alternative rental 14
markets such as short-term rentals. 15
(e) The impacts of rent stabilization on state-owned or state-run 16
housing units. 17
(2) The assessment is due to the legislature no later than 18
December 1, 2027, and shall be provided in compliance with RCW 19
43.01.036. 20
(3) This section expires July 1, 2028. 21
--- END ---
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