AI use/student discipline

AN ACT Relating to artificial intelligence, student discipline, 1
and surveillance in public schools; amending RCW 43.386.080; adding a 2
new section to chapter 28A.300 RCW; adding a new section to chapter 3
28A.345 RCW; adding a new section to chapter 28A.710 RCW; adding a 4
new section to chapter 28A.715 RCW; and adding a new chapter to Title 5
28A RCW. 6
BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON:7
NEW SECTION. Sec. 1. (1) The legislature finds that an 8
increasing number of public schools throughout the United States are 9
beginning to use artificial intelligence, automated decision systems, 10
and surveillance technologies in ways that can affect student 11
discipline and school safety.12
(2) The legislature further finds that such tools can amplify 13
existing disparities in student discipline and may result in 14
disproportionate monitoring and punishment of Black students, 15
indigenous students, students of color, students with disabilities, 16
LGBTQ students, and other students protected under chapters 49.60, 17
28A.640, and 28A.642 RCW. 18
(3) The legislature recognizes that Washington state has enacted 19
student privacy protections, including in chapter 28A.604 RCW and RCW 20
28A.605.030, and that the office of the superintendent of public 21
S-3708.1
SENATE BILL 5956
State of Washington 69th Legislature 2026 Regular Session
By Senators Nobles, Wellman, Chapman, Frame, Hasegawa, Orwall,
Salomon, Shewmake, Slatter, Valdez, and C. Wilson
Prefiled 12/31/25. Read first time 01/12/26. Referred to Committee
on Early Learning & K-12 Education.
p. 1 SB 5956
instruction has issued guidance on human-centered artificial 1
intelligence in education. However, existing laws and guidance do not 2
expressly address the use of artificial intelligence in automated 3
decision systems in student discipline and surveillance.4
(4) Therefore, it is the intent of the legislature in this 5
initial act to: 6
(a) Prohibit the most harmful uses of artificial intelligence in 7
automated decision systems and surveillance technologies in K–12 8
public schools, including predictive "risk scores" for individual 9
students and real-time biometric tracking of students;10
(b) Ensure that automated decision systems do not replace the 11
judgment of trained school personnel in discipline-related decisions; 12
and 13
(c) Direct the office of the superintendent of public instruction 14
to update their guidance and the Washington state school directors' 15
association to develop a model policy and procedures for school 16
districts, charter schools, and state-tribal education compact 17
schools consistent with these protections. 18
NEW SECTION. Sec. 2. The definitions in this section apply to 19
sections 3 through 6 of this act unless the context clearly requires 20
otherwise.21
(1) "Artificial intelligence" means any machine-based system 22
that, for explicit or implicit objectives, infers from the data it 23
receives how to generate outputs, such as predictions, content, 24
recommendations, or decisions, that can influence real or virtual 25
environments. 26
(2) "Automated decision system" means any computational process, 27
including one derived from an artificial intelligence system, machine 28
learning, statistics, or other data processing techniques, that makes 29
or materially influences decisions or recommendations concerning a 30
student. 31
(3) "Biometric data" means data generated from the measurement or 32
technical analysis of a student's physical, biological, or behavioral 33
characteristics including, but not limited to, facial geometry, 34
voiceprint, gait, fingerprints, or iris patterns. 35
(4) "Imminent" means the state or condition of being likely to 36
occur at any moment or near at hand, rather than distant or remote.37
(5) "Likelihood of serious physical harm" means a substantial 38
risk that: 39
p. 2 SB 5956
(a) Physical harm will be inflicted by the student upon the 1
student's own person, as evidenced by threats or attempts to commit 2
suicide, or inflict physical harm on oneself; or 3
(b) Physical harm will be inflicted by the student upon another, 4
as evidenced by behavior that places another person or persons in 5
reasonable fear of sustaining such physical harm. 6
(6) "School service provider" has the same meaning as in RCW 7
28A.604.010. 8
(7) "School surveillance technology" means any technology, 9
service, or system used by or on behalf of a school district to 10
monitor, track, or record student behavior, location, communications, 11
biometrics, or online activity including, but not limited to, video 12
analytics, network monitoring tools, and biometric systems.13
(8) "Student discipline-related decision" means any decision by a 14
school district or its employees or contractors that results in or 15
materially contributes to: 16
(a) Suspension, expulsion, or emergency removal under chapter 17
28A.600 RCW; 18
(b) Exclusion from class, activities, or transportation; or19
(c) Assignment to an alternative education setting for 20
disciplinary reasons. 21
(9) "Student personal information" has the same meaning as in RCW 22
28A.604.010. 23
NEW SECTION. Sec. 3. (1) An automated decision system may not 24
be the sole or determinative basis for any student discipline-related 25
decision.26
(2) No student may be emergency removed, suspended, expelled, 27
referred to law enforcement, or assigned to an alternative education 28
setting based solely on: 29
(a) A prediction, score, or classification generated by an 30
automated decision system; or 31
(b) Data from a school surveillance technology, without 32
independent human investigation and consideration of context.33
(3) Student discipline-related decisions remain subject to all 34
requirements under state law, including protections against 35
discrimination and requirements for due process. 36
NEW SECTION. Sec. 4. (1) A school district may not:37
p. 3 SB 5956
(a) Use an automated decision system to generate a "risk score" 1
or similar predictive classification for an individual student that 2
purports to measure the student's likelihood of misconduct, gang 3
affiliation, criminal behavior, targeted violence, or future 4
disciplinary problems; or 5
(b) Maintain internal lists or watchlists of students designated 6
as likely perpetrators of violence or serious misconduct based in 7
whole or in part on an automated decision system. 8
(2) A school district may not enter into any contract with a 9
vendor or school service provider that requires or authorizes the 10
vendor or provider to engage in the activities prohibited under 11
subsection (1) of this section. 12
NEW SECTION. Sec. 5. (1) School districts may not use biometric 13
data to generate or infer emotional states, mental health conditions, 14
sexual orientation, gender expression, gender identity, or other 15
sensitive psychological or personal characteristics of a student.16
(2) The prohibitions in this section do not apply to:17
(a) The voluntary use of biometrics by an adult employee solely 18
for secure access to facilities or devices; or 19
(b) Uses required by federal law, provided that such uses are 20
narrowly limited to what federal law requires and are not used for 21
student discipline-related decisions. 22
NEW SECTION. Sec. 6. (1) Student personal information obtained 23
or generated through an artificial intelligence system, automated 24
decision system, or school surveillance technology may be disclosed 25
to law enforcement only:26
(a) When required by state or federal law, including a court 27
order; or 28
(b) When there is an imminent likelihood of serious physical harm 29
on school grounds or at a school-sponsored event, and the disclosure 30
is limited to the minimum information reasonably necessary to respond 31
to that threat. 32
(2) Disclosures under this section must remain consistent with 33
RCW 28A.600.475, 28A.605.030, and applicable federal law, including 34
the federal family educational rights and privacy act of 1974, 20 35
U.S.C. Sec. 1232g. 36
p. 4 SB 5956
NEW SECTION. Sec. 7. (1) Nothing in this chapter or RCW 1
43.386.080 may be construed to limit or impair the authority of a 2
school district, school, or employee to take corrective action or 3
impose student discipline as authorized under state law.4
(2) Nothing in this chapter or RCW 43.386.080 requires deletion 5
of records that must be maintained or reported under state or federal 6
law, including records required for student discipline data reporting 7
and applicable records retention requirements under chapter 40.14 8
RCW. 9
Sec. 8. RCW 43.386.080 and 2020 c 257 s 11 are each amended to 10
read as follows: 11
(1) ((A)) Except as provided in subsection (8) of this section, a 12
state or local government agency may not use a facial recognition 13
service to engage in ongoing surveillance, conduct real-time or near 14
real-time identification, or start persistent tracking unless:15
(a) A warrant is obtained authorizing the use of the service for 16
those purposes; 17
(b) Exigent circumstances exist; or 18
(c) A court order is obtained authorizing the use of the service 19
for the sole purpose of locating or identifying a missing person, or 20
identifying a deceased person. A court may issue an ex parte order 21
under this subsection (1)(c) if a law enforcement officer certifies 22
and the court finds that the information likely to be obtained is 23
relevant to locating or identifying a missing person, or identifying 24
a deceased person. 25
(2) A state or local government agency may not apply a facial 26
recognition service to any individual based on their religious, 27
political, or social views or activities, participation in a 28
particular noncriminal organization or lawful event, or actual or 29
perceived race, ethnicity, citizenship, place of origin, immigration 30
status, age, disability, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, 31
or other characteristic protected by law. This subsection does not 32
condone profiling including, but not limited to, predictive law 33
enforcement tools. 34
(3) A state or local government agency may not use a facial 35
recognition service to create a record describing any individual's 36
exercise of rights guaranteed by the First Amendment of the United 37
States Constitution and by Article I, section 5 of the state 38
Constitution. 39
p. 5 SB 5956
(4) A law enforcement agency that utilizes body worn camera 1
recordings shall comply with the provisions of RCW 42.56.240(14).2
(5) A state or local law enforcement agency may not use the 3
results of a facial recognition service as the sole basis to 4
establish probable cause in a criminal investigation. The results of 5
a facial recognition service may be used in conjunction with other 6
information and evidence lawfully obtained by a law enforcement 7
officer to establish probable cause in a criminal investigation.8
(6) A state or local law enforcement agency may not use a facial 9
recognition service to identify an individual based on a sketch or 10
other manually produced image. 11
(7) A state or local law enforcement agency may not substantively 12
manipulate an image for use in a facial recognition service in a 13
manner not consistent with the facial recognition service provider's 14
intended use and training. 15
(8) A school district may not use a facial recognition service to 16
engage in ongoing surveillance, conduct real-time or near real-time 17
identification, or start persistent tracking of students.18
NEW SECTION. Sec. 9. A new section is added to chapter 28A.300 19
RCW to read as follows: 20
During its regular review cycle, the office of the superintendent 21
of public instruction shall, in consultation with students, families, 22
educators, and communities disproportionately impacted by discipline 23
and surveillance, update its guidance on human-centered artificial 24
intelligence in K–12 education to reflect the prohibitions and 25
requirements in chapter 28A.--- (the new chapter created in section 26
13 of this act) and to address the use of artificial intelligence 27
systems, automated decision systems, and school surveillance 28
technologies in connection with student discipline-related decisions 29
and school safety. 30
NEW SECTION. Sec. 10. A new section is added to chapter 28A.345 31
RCW to read as follows: 32
(1) By February 1, 2027, the Washington state school directors' 33
association must develop a model policy and procedure that school 34
districts, charter schools, and state-tribal education compact 35
schools may adopt or adapt to implement the requirements in chapter 36
28A.--- (the new chapter created in section 13 of this act).37
p. 6 SB 5956
(2) The Washington state school directors' association must 1
maintain the model policy and procedure on its website at no cost to 2
school districts. 3
(3) The model policy and procedure must align with the office of 4
the superintendent of public instruction's guidance described in 5
section 9 of this act and must address: 6
(a) Human oversight of artificial intelligence systems and 7
automated decision systems; 8
(b) Strategies to avoid discriminatory or disproportionately 9
harmful impacts on students with protected characteristics under 10
chapters 49.60, 28A.640, and 28A.642 RCW; and 11
(c) Appropriate questions and criteria for evaluating vendors and 12
tools that rely on artificial intelligence or automated decision 13
systems in school settings. 14
NEW SECTION. Sec. 11. A new section is added to chapter 28A.710 15
RCW to read as follows: 16
Sections 2 through 7 of this act and RCW 43.386.080 govern school 17
operation and management under RCW 28A.710.040 and apply to charter 18
schools established under this chapter. 19
NEW SECTION. Sec. 12. A new section is added to chapter 28A.715 20
RCW to read as follows: 21
Sections 2 through 7 of this act and RCW 43.386.080 govern school 22
operation and management under RCW 28A.715.020 and apply to state-23
tribal education compact schools subject to this chapter.24
NEW SECTION. Sec. 13. Sections 1 through 7 of this act 25
constitute a new chapter in Title 28A RCW.26
--- END ---
p. 7 SB 5956